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Studies 


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Simdav  School  -^ 


An  Introductory  Course 


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PRINCETON,  N.  J. 


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BV  2090  .T698  1904 

Missionary  studies  for  the 
Sunday  school,  first  series 


MISSIONARY  STUDIES 


FOR  THE 


SUNDAY-SCHOOL 


First  Series 


Edited  by 

George  Harvey  Trull 

Assistant  Minister  Fifth  Avenue  Presbyterian  Church, 
New  York  City 


THE  SUNDAY  SCHOOL  TIMES  COMPANY 
PHILADELPHIA,  PA. 


Copyright,  1904, 

BY 

Georgb  Harvey  Truli. 


Single  copy,  twenty  cents,  postpaid.     Ten  copies,  one  address,  fifteen  cents  each. 

Fifty  copies,  ten  cents  each,  carriage  extra.     More  than 

fifty  copies,  special  prices. 


Untro&uctori?  Hlote^ 

The  need  of  the  hour  is  readable  missionary  text- 
books, with  short  lessons  in  story  form,  easily  master- 
ed by  the  ordinary  bright  boy  or  girl,  and  equally  in- 
teresting to  the  older  scholars.  One  advantage  of 
having  a  text-book  is  that  parents,  teachers,  mission- 
ary committees,  superintendents  and  scholars  can  all 
work  together  and  thus  deepen  the  impression  con- 
cerning the  facts  presented  in  the  study.  Further,  a 
text  book  dignifies  the  study,  and  remains  intact  long 
after  papers  and  lesson  leaves  are  lost.  Every  scholar 
should  own  a  copy. 

This  "First  Series"  of  missionary  studies,  prepared 
by  Mr.  Trull  and  the  Missionary  Committee,  who  have 
already  successfully  used  them  in  their  own  school, 
will  help  to  bring  the  scholars  into  more  vital  touch 
with  the  missionary  movement. 

Each  study  furnishes  the  basis  for  a  short  lesson 
in  the  class,  followed  by  a  spirited  review  and  short 
talk  as  part  of  the  closing  exercises. 

W.  Henry  Grant. 

More  and  more  is  the  Sunday-school  becoming 
evangelistic  and  missionary  in  spirit.  As  one  means 
of  fostering  and  deepening  this  force,  the  teacher  and 
superintendent  will  do  well  to  give  careful  heed  to  Mr. 
Trull's  studies.  For  one,  I  welcome  them  heartily, 
because  they  are  among  the  first  steps  prepared  out  of 

3 


a  practical  experience  for  educating  and  interesting 
our  Sunday-school  scholars  in  the  great  enterprise  of 
missions. 

John  Willis  Baer. 


forcwort) 

The  following  Studies  are  a  portion  of  a  series  used 
last  year  in  the  Bible  School  of  the  Fifth  Avenue  Pres- 
byterian Church,  New  York  City.  Need  being  felt  for 
missionary  instruction,  a  Missionary  Committee  was 
appointed,  and  together  with  the  Superintendent  they 
prepared  typewritten  mimeographed  Studies,  which 
were  given  to  the  scholars  one  week  before  Missionary 
Sunday.  Each  scholar  was  expected  to  prepare  the 
Study  at  home,  and  ten  minutes  were  given  for  its 
consideration  in  the  classes  at  the  regular  time  for 
Supplemental  Work.  The  closing  exercises  of  the 
School  were  then  devoted  to  the  missionary  topic  of 
the  day.  These  exercises  were  varied  in  character  as 
much  as  possible,  and  a  large  missionary  map  of  the 
world  was  always  displayed.  New  missionary  books 
in  the  library  were  recommended  and  some  incident 
was  told  from  each  to  arouse  interest  and  to  whet 
the  appetite. 

Equal  place  was  given  to  Home  and  Foreign  Mis- 
sions. As  it  was  an  introductory  course  in  mission 
study,  the  aim  was  to  give  a  broad  and  comprehensive 
view  of  the  work. 

For  the  Foreign  topics,  believing  that  biographies 
would  be  the  most  interesting,  and  would  lend  a  per- 
sonal touch  to  missionary  endeavor,  such  missionaries 
were  chosen  as  would  represent  the  four  different 
phases  of  the  work :  namely,  the  Educational,  the 

5 


Evangelistic,  the  Medical  and  the  Work  of  Explora- 
tion as  preparing  the  way  for  civilization. 

The  four  Home  topics  were  the  Foreigners,  the 
Freedmen,  the  Mountaineers  and  the  Indians,  the  plan 
being,  another  year,  to  take  up  the  other  branches 
of  Home  Mission  work.  All  of  the  Foreign  topics, 
since  their  use,  have  been  thoroughly  revised,  and  the 
two  Home  topics  that  appear  in  this  volume  have  been 
newly  written,  as  the  method  of  mimeographed  Studies 
was  not  pursued  in  the  School  when  these  subjects 
were  taken  up.  The  questions  appended  to  each  study 
are  merely  suggestive,  and  are  not  intended  to  be 
followed  strictly,  as  each  teacher  can  best  frame 
those  that  are  appropriate  for  his  own  scholars. 

A  missionary  interest  can  be  developed  in  the  Sun- 
day-school if  the  cause  is  presented  in  the  proper 
way.  Certain  things  are  essential:  an  attractive 
course,  in  typewritten  or  printed  form ;  home  prepara- 
tion of  the  same  by  the  scholars ;  discussion  in  the 
classes;  interesting  exercises  from  the  desk;  mission- 
ary maps,  maxims,  curios,  and  a  museum  when  possi- 
ble; a  good  missionary  library  constantly  in  use,  and 
a  wide-awake  missionary  committee. 

I  wish  to  express  my  obligation  to  Misses  Brown- 
ell,  Moorhead  and  Winkhaus,  members  of  the  Mis- 
sionary Committee,  for  their  help  in  the  preparation 
of  these  Studies;  and  also  to  Mr.  W.  Henry  Grant 
of  the  Foreign  Missions  Library  for  valuable  aid  in 
preparing  the  material  for  the  press. 

George;  H.  Trull. 

Superintendent. 

New  York,  December  i,  1904. 
6 


Contenta 

y/                 Study  I 
The  Mountaineers  of  the  South 8 

y^                       Study  II 
Foreigners  in  the  United  States i8 

Study  III 
WilHam   Carey,   Educator — India 30 

Study  IV 
David  Livingstone,  Explorer — Africa 39 

Study  V 
John    G  .  Paton,    Evangelist — The  New- 
Hebrides  51 

Study  VI 
John     Kenneth     Mackenzie,     Physician — 
China  59 


STUDY  I 

Z\)c  finountaineer0  of  tbe  South 

*'I  expect  to  see  the  mountain  regions  of  the  South  as  pecu- 
liar a  joy  and  a  glory  to  America  as  old  Scotland  is  to  Great 
Britain." — William  G.  Frost. 

A  Picture  of  Their  Homes. 
If  you  were  to  enter  one  of  the  log  cabins  in  the 
mountains  of  West  Virginia,  Kentucky,  North  Caro- 
Hna  or  Tennessee,  far  up  on  the  mountain  side,  you 
would  see  a  room  which  is  parlor,  guest  room,  dining 
room,  bed  room,  living  room  and  kitchen,  all  in  one. 
The  furniture  would  probably  consist  of  a  bed,  a  few 
rickety  chairs  and  a  table.  On  the  stove,  if  there 
were  one,  you  might  find  a  stew  pot  and  a  tea  kettle ; 
or  just  as  likely  these  articles  would  be  hung  over  the 
fireplace,  if  the  stove  were  lacking. 

Ancestry  and  History. 
In  such  a  cabin  you  would  hardly  think  that  you 
were  in  the  home  of  American  aristocracy,  and  yet  if 
blood  tells  and  ancestry  counts,  then  the  American 
Highlander  has  claims  to  aristocracy  that  some  of  his 
richer  fellow-countrymen  in  the  palatial  homes  of  the 
cities  do  not  possess.  The  mountain  whites  can  boast 
of  forefathers  of  which  any  American  might  be  proud. 
In  their  veins  flows  the  good  and  loyal  blood  of  the 

8 


Highland  Scotch  and  of  dwellers  in  the  North  of  Ire- 
land. "Here  are  'Colonial  Dames'  indeed ;  here  are 
*Sons  and  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution/ 
unrecognized,  but  of  none  the  less  genuine  hneage. 
These  isolated  mountaineers  are  of  the  best  Anglo- 
Saxon  stock,  with  the  blood  and  tradition  of  heroes." 
In  the  reign  of  James  I  the  lands  of  many  Irish 
noblemen  had  been  confiscated,  and  inducements  were 
offered  to  settlers  to  occupy  the  lands  in  the  province 
of  Ulster,  Ireland.  This  attracted  English,  Scotch, 
and  a  few  French  Huguenots  and  Germans.  They 
were  for  the  most  part  Protestants,  and  persecution 
soon  arose  against  them.  A  law  was  passed  requiring 
all  persons  who  held  public  office  to  subscribe  to  Eng- 
lish prelacy,  and  as  a  result  of  these  things  hundreds 
of  the  Scotch-Irish  settlers  went  to  America.  Be- 
tween 1729  and  1750  about  twelve  thousand  emigrat- 
ed annually.  They  settled  in  Eastern  and  Western 
Pennsylvania,  and  in  the  mountain  regions  of  Virginia 
and  of  North  and  South  Carolina.  As  time  went  on 
they  pushed  farther  west  over  the  mountains,  the  pio- 
neers of  a  new  civilization.  But  so  rude  was  it  that 
those  who  remained  in  their  mountain  fastnesses  grew 
more  and  more  out  of  touch  with  the  outside  world, 
and  became  practically  isolated.  This  lack  of  inter- 
course with  progress  meant  degeneration.  To  get 
even  the  bare  necessities  of  Hfe  was  a  constant  strug- 
gle. 

Traits  of  Character. 

Yet  these  settlers  upon  the  mountain  sides  had 
many  sterling  qualities.  "Their  hardiness  and  indom- 
itable courage  are  proved  by  the  fact  that  they  pushed 

9 


past  the  settlements  undaunted  by  the  vast  forests,  the 
absence  of  civilization  and  the  presence  of  deadly  In- 
dian foes."  Speaking  of  them  in  his  ''Winning  of  the 
West,"  President  Roosevelt  says:  "They  were  the 
first  and  last  set  of  emigrants  to  do  this.  All  others 
merely  followed  in  the  wake  of  their  predecessors.  In- 
deed, they  were  fitted  from  the  very  start  to  be  Amer- 
icans ;  they  were  kinsfolk  of  the  Covenanters." 

"They  were  deeply  religious  in  their  tendencies,  and 
although  ministers  and  meeting  houses  were  rare, 
yet  the  backwoods  cabins  often  contained  Bibles,  and 
the  mothers  used  to  instill  in  the  minds  of  their  chil- 
dren reverence  for  the  Sabbath  day,  while  many  of 
the  hunters  refused  to  hunt  on  that  day.  Those  of 
them  who  knew  the  right  honestly  tried  to  live  up  to 
it,  in  spite  of  the  manifold  temptations  to  backsliding, 
afforded  by  their  lives  of  hard  and  fierce  contention." 

They  believed  in  education  as  well  as  religion,  and 
desired  instruction  for  their  children,  but  little  was  to 
be  had.  Reading,  writing  and  arithmetic  were  about 
all  the  branches  that  were  taught,  and  not  much  of 
these,  so  that  as  years  passed  by  the  mountaineers 
became  more  and  more  illiterate. 

PlONE^KRS  OI^  IndE:pENDENC^. 

Hunting  and  rude  farming  were  the  chief  occupa- 
tions of  the  men,  and  in  the  early  days  a  man  needed 
to  know  how  to  handle  a  gun  not  only  to  provide  his 
family  with  food,  but  also  to  protect  them  from  the 
attacks  of  the  Indians.  From  among  these  mountain- 
eers came  some  of  the  very  best  Indian  fighters  in 
the  country.  They  made  good  soldiers,  too,  in  the 
armies  that  fought  for  the  independence  of  the  Colo- 

10 


nies,  and  they  were  not  slow  to  shoulder  their  mus- 
kets in  order  to  drive  out  the  British  who  had  op- 
pressed and  persecuted  them  at  home.  In  fact,  more 
than  a  year  before  the  Colonies  unitedly  declared  their 
independence  of  England  in  1776,  sturdy  Scotch-Irish 
mountaineers  at  Mecklenburg,  N.  C,  banded  together 
and  drew  up  a  declaration  of  independence,  in  which 
they  said :  ''We  do  hereby  dissolve  the  political 
bands  which  have  connected  us  with  the  mother  coun- 
try, and  do  absolve  ourselves  from  all  allegiance  to 
the  British  Crown.  We  declare  ourselves  a  free  and 
independent  people." 

In  the  Civil  War  many  of  the  descendants  of  the 
Revolutionary  heroes  fought  to  preserve  their  coun- 
try's union  as  their  fathers  had  fought  to  win  its  in- 
dependence. The  border  State  of  Kentucky  they  saved 
for  the  Union  and  "carved  from  the  Old  Dominion 
the  new  and  loyal  State  of  West  Virginia." 

Present  Condition. 

After  the  war  was  over  they  returned  to  their  moun- 
tain homes  and  continued  their  rude  life  far  off  from 
civilization.  A  visitor  to-day  to  the  mountain  regions 
of  the  South  will  find  conditions  that  are  pathetic,  and 
at  the  same  time  hopeful — pathetic  because  of  the  pov- 
erty and  ignorance  that  exist;  hopeful  because  of  the 
ambition  of  the  younger  generation  for  education  and 
advancement.  As  to  poverty,  many  families  live  in 
a  cabin  containing  but  a  single  room,  and  here  parents 
and  children  and  sometimes  grandparents,  too,  all 
dwell  together.  With  a  little  encouragement  additional 
rooms  might  be  added,  although,  to  be  sure,  heavy 
labor  is  required  to  cut  down  the  trees  and  haul  the 

II 


logs  to  a  distant  saw  mill,  or  to  cut  them  up  into  lum- 
ber with  a  hand  saw.  The  women  do  most  of  the 
housework  and  share  in  the  rough  work  of  the  farm 
as  well.  It  is  no  uncommon  thing  for  them  to  clear  off 
the  timber  from  the  land,  root  up  the  stumps,  plant 
what  little  crops  are  raised,  and  hoe  and  plow  the 
fields.  In  addition,  on  an  old-time  spinning  jenny, 
they  will  spin  the  wool  from  which  they  make  all  the 
clothes  of  the  family. 

Causes  of  Poverty. 

But  how  can  the  present  condition  of  these  South- 
ern Highlanders  be  explained  in  view  of  their  ances- 
try ?  How  have  they  become  so  illiterate  and  so  poor  ? 
The  reasons  are  not  hard  to  find.  They  are  all  sum- 
med up  in  one  word — environment, — their  location  was 
one  that  presented  peculiar  drawbacks. 

In  the  first  place,  driven  back  by  the  force  of  circum- 
stances into  the  mountain  fastnesses,  the  older  men 
with  large  families  to  support  had  to  face  the  great 
difficulty  of  earning  a  livelihood.  The  soil  was  not  pro- 
ductive nor  fertile,  even  when  cleared  of  the  timber 
that  grew  upon  it,  and  if  poor  when  he  came  to  his 
mountain  retreat,  the  Highlander  had  a  real  battle  to 
keep  body  and  soul  together.  There  was  no  opportu- 
nity for  him  to  labor  elsewhere  than  on  his  own  clear- 
ing or  by  hunting.  The  effect  of  slavery,  too,  was 
such  that  all  the  work  that  the  mountaineer  might  do 
for  which  he  could  get  money,  was  done  by  negroes. 
The  planter  had  his  slaves  to  do  his  carpentering,  his 
blacksmithing,  his  plowing,  etc.,  and  there  was  no 
chance  for  the  mountaineer.  He  could  not  sell  his 
labor,  and,  conscientiously  opposed  to  holding  slaves 

12 


himself,  he  became  constantly  poorer  and  withdrew 
from  his  neighbors.  His  location,  far  off  in  the  moun- 
tains, was  one  of  isolation — an  isolation  that  cut  him 
off  from  all  the  influences  which  would  enable  him  to 
advance. 

Effects  of  Isolation. 

Situated  miles  perhaps  from  any  other  dwelling,  and 
seeing  no  one  else  for  days  or  weeks  but  his  own  fam- 
ily circle,  his  range  of  ideas  was  bound  to  be  limited 
and  narrow.  He  lacked  intercourse  with  others.  He 
missed  the  benefit  of  other  people's  thoughts  and 
companionship.  He  lacked  also  all  forms  of  literature. 
Whatever  he  brought  with  him  originally  was  soon  lost 
or  worn  out.  The  family  Bible  perhaps  remained,  and 
this,  of  course,  so  long  as  possessed,  was  a  treasure 
in  his  home.  But  he  had  naught  else.  No  paper  or 
magazine  ever  found  its  way  to  his  door,  no  book 
agent  ever  reached  so  inaccessible  a  spot  as  his  cabin. 
His  children  did  not  learn  to  read.  All  that  they 
learned  was  taught  by  their  parents,  for  there  were 
no  schools. 

Finally,  the  isolation  of  his  home  shut  off  the  moun- 
taineer from  all  religious  training.  There  were  no 
churches  near  to  which  he  might  go ;  no  Bible  school 
in  which  his  children  might  be  taught. 

Compelled  thus  to  live  under  conditions  which  made 
the  eking  out  of  a  bare  existence  hardly  possible,  and 
isolated  from  all  uplifting  and  stimulating  influences, 
it  was  not  strange  that  in  a  few  generations  even  these 
sturdy  Scotch-Irish  settlers  declined  religiously  as  well 
as  intellectually.  As  another  has  truly  said :  *'No  one 
who  has  never  himself  experienced  those  conditions 

13 


can  realize  how  terrible  is  their  effect  upon  the  indi- 
vidual life,  or  how  great  their  effect  must  be  upon  the 
life  of  a  family  from  generation  to  generation.  To 
live  on  the  mountainside,  and,  perhaps,  in  the  depths 
of  a  forest,  without  roads,  without  means  of  transpor- 
tation, on  such  products  as  the  soil  outside  the  cabin 
door  provides,  and  in  a  climate  of  great  severity,  will 
tell  upon  any  man  or  woman,  or  family,  or  stock,  how- 
ever fine  its  origin." 


Hop:eFUL  Signs. 

While  we  have  thus  shown  that  the  present  condi- 
tion of  the  Southern  Highlanders  is  pathetic,  we  have 
also  said  that  their  condition  is  hopeful.  Hopeful  be- 
cause of  the  ancestry  that  is  back  of  them,  hopeful 
because  of  the  possibilities  that  are  within  them,  hope- 
ful because  of  the  ambitions  and  desires  that  have  been 
aroused  in  the  minds  and  hearts  of  the  youth  in  those 
mountain  homes.  Into  these  regions  the  school- 
teacher and  the  Sunday  School  Missionary  have  re- 
cently gone,  and  as  a  result  a  new  era  has  dawned 
for  the  mountain  people  of  the  South.  In  a  popula- 
tion of  about  two  million,  there  are  300,000  children 
of  school  age,  and  according  to  Dr.  Sherman  H.  Doyle 
only  about  one  out  of  every  hundred  of  these  has  had  the 
simplest  advantages.  In  other  words,  there  are  297,- 
000  of  them  still  to  be  reached.  The  South  finds  it  a 
difficult  matter  to  give  instruction  to  all  these  thou- 
sands of  mountain  boys  and  girls  that  need  to  be 
taught.  The  different  churches  in  the  North  are, 
therefore,  also  helping  to  reach  these  uncared  for 
young  people. 

14 


Missions. 

In  the  educational  work  three  kinds  of  schools  are 
maintained :  the  Primary  in  remote  regions  in  the 
mountains ;  the  Industrial  for  older  scholars,  and  the 
Normal  Schools  for  the  training  of  teachers,  both  of 
the  latter  in  strategic  centers.  In  all  of  them  the  Bible 
is  regularly  taught,  and  in  connection  with  the  day 
schools,  Sunday-schools  are  at  once  organized,  and 
these  very  frequently  develop  into  churches.  In  the 
mountains  of  Tennessee,  Kentucky  and  West  Virginia, 
136  Sunday-schools  have  been  established  since  1887, 
and  as  a  result  of  their  growth  70  churches  have  been 
organized.  Bible  readers,  godly  consecrated  women, 
have  also  gone  out  to  destitute  and  needy  regions. 
Thus  the  Church  is  endeavoring  to  minister  to  the 
needs,  and  the  people  are  responding  to  the  efforts  put 
forth.  The  cry  from  every  side  is  for  more  schools, 
missionaries  and  teachers.  "Results  are  speedy.  Or- 
dinarily it  takes  generations  to  develop  degraded  pop- 
ulations, but  this  is  not  so  here.  These  mountaineers 
still  have  dormant  within  them  the  principles  and  na- 
tive abilities  of  their  ancestors." 

One  instance  recorded  in  the  Christian  Endeavor 
World  will  show  the  eagerness  of  the  mountain  boys 
to  secure  an  education. 

Sturdy  Stuff. 
The  lad  had  brought  with  him  to  the  college  a  sup- 
ply of  provisions  and  he  did  his  own  cooking.  He 
studied  hard  and  made  rapid  progress.  One  day  the 
President  found  him  in  great  distress,  as  he  said :  "I 
must  go  home ;  it  is  time  to  be  at  work  with  the  crop 
and  I  am  needed."    The  President  tried  to  dissuade 

15 


him  from  giving  up  liis  studies,  but,  breaking  down 
completely,  he  replied:  "I  can't  study;  when  I  take 
up  my  book  I  see  on  every  page  my  mother  with  a  hoe 
in  her  hand  working  like  a  slave  to  keep  me  in  school. 
I'd  rather  not  be  educated  than  be  compelled  to  look 
at  that  picture."  The  boy  had  probably  written  home 
stating  that  he  expected  to  leave  college  that  day,  for 
at  this  juncture  the  mother  appeared.  Mother  fash- 
ion, she  drew  him  into  her  arms  and  said :  "Davy,  my 
boy,  would  you  break  mammy's  heart  ?  Stay,  Mammy 
will  work  for  her  baby  and  will  never  step  until  you 
say,  'See,  mammy,  here  is  my  'ploma.'  "  A  friend  called 
to  see  the  parents  of  Dave  at  their  humble  mountain 
home.  It  was  the  month  of  July,  and  the  mother  was 
cooking  at  the  fireplace.  ''Mrs.  Green,  you  ought  to 
have  a  cooking  stove,"  was  the  comment  of  the  vis- 
itor. "I  had  one,  but  I  put  it  in  Davy's  head,"  was  the 
only  reply.  That  mother  had  sold  her  stove  in  order 
to  keep  her  boy  at  school.  She  could  not  read,  but 
she  was  determined  that  her  boy  should  have  an  edu- 
cation. At  his  graduation  she  was  happier  than  a 
queen,  for  she  saw  her  boy  receive  his  diploma  and 
also  carry  off  second  honors  in  his  class. 

QuiesTiONS. 

1.  In  what  States  do  the  Southern  Mountaineers  live, 

and  how  many  of  them  are  there? 

2.  Describe  one  of  their  homes. 

3.  What  is  their  origin,  and  when  and  why  did  they 

come  to  America? 

4.  Mention  some  of  their  commendable  traits. 

5.  What  part  have  they  played  in  the  Revolutionary 

and  Civil  Wars? 

16 


6.  What  was  the  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Inde- 

pendence? 

7.  In  view  of  their  ancestry,  what  is  the  explanation 

of  the  Mountaineers'  present  illiteracy? 

8.  What  are  the  pathetic  and  what  the  hopeful  fea- 

tures of  their  present  condition  ? 

9.  What  work  is  the  Church  doing  for  the  Moun- 

taineers ? 

Additional  Quejstions  ^or  Older  Scholars. 

1.  How  do  the  original  Scotch-Irish  settlers,  who  be- 

came the  Mountaineers,  compare  in  character 
and  patriotism  with  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  ? 

2.  How  did  the  Mountaineers'  attitude  toward  slav- 

ery affect  their  own  condition? 

3.  What  influence,  more  than  any  other,  do  you  think 

brought    about   their    present    condition,    and 
why? 

4.  If  you  were  a  Mountaineer,  living  in  a  one-room 

cabin,  and  with  a  desire  for  better  things,  what 
would  you  seek  to  improve  first  ? 

5.  What  makes  work  among  the  Mountaineers  so 

hopeful? 

Interesting  Books  for  the  Library. 
"Winning  of  the  West,"  by  Theodore  Roosevelt. 
"Little  Shepherd  of  Kingdom  Come,"  by  John  Fox. 
"Presbyterian   Home   Missions,"   by    Sherman   H. 
Doyle. 

"A  Hero  in  Homespun,"  by  William  E.  Barton. 
"North  Carolina  Sketches,"  bv  M.  N.  Carter. 


17 


STUDY  II 

fforeisners  in  tbe  "Umitet)  States 

"One  law  and  one  manner  shall  he  for  you  and  for  the 
stranger  that  sojourneih  with  you." 

Th^  Land  W^  Love;. 

There  is  not  a  truly  patriotic  native-born  boy  in  all 
our  land  who  is  not  proud  of  the  fact  that  he  is  an 
American.  There  is  no  country  in  all  the  world  quite 
so  good  as  our  own.  Our  native  land  is  the  one  we 
love  the  most.  It  is  the  country  to  which  our  fathers 
came  in  search  of  civil  and  religious  liberty,  and  for 
which  they  laid  down  their  hves.  It  is  not  quite  three 
hundred  years  since  the  first  colonists  came  to  Virginia 
and  Massachusetts.  Many  indeed  were  their  pri- 
vations, but  with  dauntless  courage  they  overcame 
all  obstacles.  A  century  and  a  half  passed,  and  the 
colonists  had  grown  strong  enough  to  resist  the  un- 
just taxes  and  restrictions  of  the  mother  country, 
England.  The  result  was  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence on  July  4,  1776.  The  original  colonies  now  be- 
came the  United  States  of  America,  and  men  freely 
gave  their  blood  in  its  support  and  defense. 

Prosperous  cities  now  dot  the  coast  from  Maine  to 
Florida,  and  extend  across  the  continent  from  the  At- 
lantic to  the  Pacific.  What  was  once  wilderness  and 
prairie  is  now  the  center  of  busy  activity.    Instead  of 

18 


the  Indian  wigwam  is  the  home  of  wealth  and  cul- 
ture. Instead  of  the  impenetrable  forests  are  now  the 
highways  of  commerce.  The  laughing  water  of  the 
running  streams  in  which  the  redskins  delighted  to  fish 
is  now  harnessed  to  do  work  for  the  white  man,  to 
furnish  power  for  his  factory,  light  for  his  home  and 
transportation  for  his  goods.  From  the  hunting 
grounds  of  the  Indian  the  white  man  has  brought 
forth  treasures  of  timber  and  of  mineral,  and  our 
country  to-day  is  the  result  of  three  centuries  of  pro- 
gress, growth  and  development.  We  can  justly  be 
proud  of  it,  and  for  its  good  we  should  gladly  give 
our  lives,  as  did  our  fathers. 

The  knowledge  of  this  wondrous  land  has  not  been 
kept  within  our  own  borders.  In  every  foreign  clime 
men  and  women  have  heard  of  our  resources,  our 
wealth,  the  opportunities  for  advancement;  and  they 
have  thought :  Why  should  we  not  go  to  this  land  of 
opportunity?  Following  their  inclinations  thousands 
have  come,  and  many  are  the  strange  faces  that  we  see 
amongst  us,  and  peculiar  indeed  the  strange  languages 
that  we  hear.  Ten  millions  of  these  people  are  al- 
ready in  our  land,  and  fifteen  millions  more  are  chil- 
dren of  foreign-born  parents.  That  is,  every  third  per- 
son in  all  this  land  of  seventy-six  million  souls  was 
either  himself  born  on  foreign  soil  or  his  parents 
were. 

These  aliens  are  here  with  their  foreign  customs, 
foreign  ideas,  with  their  virtues  and  their  vices.  They 
are  here,  and  more  are  coming  every  year.  The  year 
ending  June  30,  1903,  has  a  record  of  nearly  one  mll- 
Hon  immigrants.  In  other  words,  foreigners  are  flock- 
ing to  our  shores  at  the  rate  of  1,400  a  day.  There  are 

19 


twenty-three  ports  in  the  United  States  and  one  port 
each  in  Hawaii  and  Porto  Rico,  besides  stations  on  the 
Canadian  and  Mexican  frontiers,  where  immigrants 
can  enter  our  borders.  By  far  the  largest  number  seek 
entrance  at  the  port  of  New  York,  indeed  nearly  six 
times  as  many  as  at  all  the  other  stations  combined. 

A  Visit  to  Eli.is  Isi^and. 

Let  us  pay  a  visit  to  Ellis  Island,  just  west  of  the 
Battery,  for  here  all  immigrants  coming  to  New  York 
must  land.  A  big  ocean  liner  is  coming  up  the  bay 
after  her  voyage  of  3,000  miles  across  the  Atlantic. 
Eager  friends  are  waiting  to  greet  the  cabin  passen- 
gers as  the  vessel  comes  slowly  to  her  dock.  In  all 
the  crowd  there  is  hardly  one  who  gives  a  thought 
to  the  thousand  or  more  immigrants  below  decks.  After 
the  cabin  passengers  have  landed  those  in  the  steer- 
age are  taken  off  on  barges  and  towed  to  the  Immi- 
gration Station  at  Ellis  Island.  We  are  there  before 
them  and  watch  them  as  they  land.  A  score  of  differ- 
ent nationalities  are  represented.  Some  of  them  wear 
the  gay  attire  and  bright  colors  of  the  Italian,  others 
wear  the  sombre  dress  of  the  Russian  Jew.  Some  bear 
every  mark  of  poverty,  others  look  well  enough  off  to 
have  come  across  the  ocean  second  class.  They 
range  in  age  from  babes  in  arms  to  men  and  women 
of  threescore  years  and  ten.  Not  one  among  the 
crowd  but  is  glad  to  exchange  the  cramped  and  nar- 
row quarters  of  the  ship  for  dry  land  and  for  pure  air. 
Every  immigrant  has  his  worldly  goods,  all  his  real 
and  personal  property,  within  his  grip,  hamper  or  bun- 
dle. A  strange  looking  lot  of  baggage  it  is  that  Ital- 
ian, Greek,  Arabian  and  Russian  brings  with  him. 

20 


As  we  scan  the  faces  that  are  before  us,  certain  ques- 
tions arise  in  our  minds.  What  is  the  character  of 
these  immigrants?  Why  do  they  come  to  our  shores? 
Where  do  they  come  from  ?  Where  do  they  go  ?  What 
is  their  duty  to  us  and  the  land  of  their  adoption? 
What  is  our  duty  to  them  ?  What  are  the  Protestant 
churches  doing  for  them  ?  Let  us  try  to  answer  these 
questions  briefly. 


I.  This  Character  oj?  the:  Immigrants  Cominc. 

There  is  reason  for  real  concern  when  we  consider 
that  70  per  cent,  of  the  crimes  in  the  land  are  com- 
mitted by  less  than  40  per  cent,  of  the  foreigners. 
Crime,  too,  is  on  the  increase  eight  times  faster  than 
the  population.  This  is  principally  due  to  the  fact 
that  during  the  last  five  years  immigration  has  been 
largely  from  Southern  and  Eastern  Europe,  and  the 
more  desirable  peoples  from  the  North  and  West, 
though  coming  ever  in  increasing  numbers,  are  yet 
far  fewer  than  those  from  the  East  and  South.  More 
than  two-thirds  of  all  the  aliens  landing  in  the  year 
ending  June  30,  1903,  were  from  Austria-Hungary, 
Italy  and  Russia.  The  majority  of  these  people  can 
neither  read  nor  write,  their  moral  character  is,  in 
many  cases,  degraded,  and  most  of  them  have  come 
to  this  country  with  less  than  $30.00  apiece.  Illiteracy, 
moral  depravity  and  poverty  characterize,  therefore, 
large  numbers  of  the  immigrants  landing  upon  our 
shores.  On  the  other  hand,  many  of  them  are  intel- 
ligent and  self-respecting  and  become  worthy  citizens 
of  the  Republic. 

21 


2.  Why  They  Come. 

Unlike  our  forefathers  who  came  to  America  for 
conscience'  sake  and  religious  liberty,  the  foreigners 
to-day  come  simply  to  improve  their  material  condi- 
tion and  gain  wealth.  The  Pilgrim  Fathers  sought 
these  shores  not  simply  as  refugees,  but  also  as  mis- 
sionaries. "Religion,  learning,  liberty,  law  were  the 
four  corner-stones  of  their  civiHzation."  But  other 
motives  animate  the  immigrant  of  to-day.  America  is 
the  land  of  large  extent,  of  wealth,  of  equal  rights, 
of  free  schools,  where  work  is  plenty  and  wages  high. 
Dissatisfied  with  his  own  country,  where  wages  are 
low  and  taxes  high,  and  where  long  years  of  military 
service  are  demanded  of  him,  the  immigrant  seeks  the 
freer  and  more  attractive  clime,  America.  At  home 
he  can  own,  if  any,  but  a  strip  of  land.  '*In  England 
only  one  person  in  twenty  is  an  owner  of  land,  in  Ire- 
land one  in  seventy-nine.  In  Scotland  one-third  of  the 
families  live  in  a  single  room  and  more  than  another 
third  in  only  two  rooms."  In  Southern  Europe  con- 
ditions are  even  worse.  It  is  not  strange,  therefore, 
when  passage  across  the  Atlantic  can  at  times  be  ob- 
tained for  seven  dollars  and  a  half  that  thousands  of 
foreigners  come  westward,  hoping  to  better  their  con- 
dition. 

3.  Whence  They  Come. 

The  report  of  the  United  States  Commissioner  of 
Immigration  shows  that  during  the  year  ending  June 
30,  1904,  immigrants  came  from  more  than  forty  dif- 
ferent countries.  These  people  are  invading  our  land 
at  the  rate  now  of  a  million  a  year,  from  every  nation 
under  heaven.     There  are  foreigners,  right  here  in 

22 


America,  from  every  land  to  which  we  send  foreign 
missionaries. 

4.  Where  They  Go. 

Where  they  go  is  a  question  that  concerns  us  quite 
as  much  as  where  all  this  vast  horde  of  immigrants 
comes  from.  They  go  to  three  sections,  principally — 
the  cities,  the  mines  and  manufacturing  centers  of  the 
East,  the  lumber  camps  and  farms  of  the  West,  (a) 
By  far  the  largest  number  settle  right  in  the  cities,  al- 
ready overcrowded.  They  congregate  in  certain  sec- 
tions, so  that  we  have  "Little  Italy,"  "Little  Germany," 
"Little  Bohemia,"  "Little  Scandinavia,"  "Chinatown" 
and  many  other  foreign  quarters.  In  these  sections 
not  English,  but  a  foreign  language  is  spoken,  news- 
papers in  a  foreign  tongue  are  read,  and  the  customs 
and  traditions  of  foreign  lands  are  maintained. 

(b)  Large  numbers  go  also  to  the  mines  of  Penn- 
sylvania and  of  the  West  and  to  the  manufacturing 
centers  of  the  East.  More  than  one-half  of  the  im- 
migrants settle  in  the  States  of  Pennsylvania  and  New 
York.  Slavs,  Bohemians,  Germans,  Poles,  Italians, 
and  many  other  races  are  mining  our  coal,  iron,  cop- 
per, silver  and  gold  ;  and  are  quarrying  our  marble  and 
granite.  They  are  building  our  railroads,  tunnels  and 
bridges.  On  a  winter's  night,  as  we  watch  the  cheer- 
ful glow  of  the  fire  in  the  grate,  do  we  think  of  the 
foreigners  who  mined  the  coal  ?  Do  we  owe  them  any 
debt  of  gratitude  ?  As  we  have  traveled  in  the  swift- 
moving  train  from  one  city  to  another  has  it  ever  oc- 
curred to  us  that  the  foreigner  who  laid  the  cross- 
ties  and  handled  the  crowbar  was  ministering  to  our 
comfort? 

23 


(c)  In  the  lumber  camps  of  the  West  and  North- 
west, and  in  the  agricuhural  regions,  will  also  be 
found  large  foreign  communities.  The  better  and 
sturdier  class  of  immigrants,  the  Danes,  Swedes,  Nor- 
wegians, Germans  and  English,  are  attracted  thither. 
I'hey  cut  the  timber  out  of  which  we  build  our  cars 
and  ships,  Construct  our  houses  and  furnish  our 
homes;  and  from  their  corn  and  wheat  fields  they 
feed  the  East  and  Europe.  Many  of  these  persons 
make  our  very  best  citizens.  They  acquire  property, 
own  their  farms  and  homes  and  become  loyal  Ameri- 
cans within  a  generation. 
5.  Their  Duty  to  the  Land  oi?  Their  Adoption. 

They  have  come  to  us  seeking  to  profit  by  our  re- 
sources, and  to  escape  the  burdens  of  the  countries 
whence  they  came.  They  owe,  therefore,  obedience  to 
our  laws,  respect  to  our  institutions  and  co-operation 
with  every  endeavor  to  advance  their  social,  moral 
and  spiritual  welfare. 

6.  Our  Duty  to  Them. 

In  a  word,  it  is  their  elevation.  One-fourth  of  the 
foreigners  in  our  midst  cannot  speak  our  tongue  and 
are  ignorant  of  our  institutions  and  laws.  They  need 
education  and  instruction  in  the  principles  of  good 
citizenship.  Let  us  see  what  a  New  York  school  is 
doing  for  their  children,  as  told  by  one  of  the  city 
papers :  "No  hum  of  wheels,  no  whistle  at  seven 
o'clock  in  the  morning,  no  drays  at  the  door  to  carry 
the  product  away,  no  tall  chimneys,  no  smoke,  yet  the 
large  brick  structure  at  Mulberry  and  Bayard  streets 
is  a  factory.  The  persons  who  work  within  are  most- 
ly under  fourteen.    They  belong  to  no  labor  union, 

24 


and  they  have  no  strikes.  They  go  to  work  at  nine 
o'clock  in  the  morning  and  quit  at  three  in  the  after- 
noon, and  everything  they  make  during  the  day  they 
carry  away  at  night.  The  business  of  this  factory  is 
to  convert  the  raw  material,  sent  over  in  small  pack- 
ages from  every  nation  of  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa, 
into  a  finished  American  product.  It  takes  seven  years 
to  finish  one  small  consignment  of  this  material,  but 
when  it  is  finished  it  is  something  that  no  money  can 
buy — an  educated  American  citizen. 

"If  you  open  the  door  of  this  factory  and  ask  to 
see  the  plant  in  operation  you  will  be  told  that  it  is 
not  a  manufacturing  establishment,  but  a  school — 
Public  School  No.  23.  But  do  not  be  disconcerted.  It 
is  a  factory  all  the  same,  for  there  are  twenty-nine 
different  nationalities  of  children  in  that  school  in  the 
beginning  and  in  the  end  there  comes  out  only  one, 
speaking  one  language — English;  saluting  one  flag — 
the  Stars  and  Stripes.  Boys  and  girls  from  Germany, 
Italy,  Switzerland,  Egypt,  Spain,  Poland,  Austria, 
China,  Servia,  Scotland,  Roumania,  Hungary,  Russia, 
France,  Ireland,  England,  New  Guinea,  Venezuela, 
West  Indies,  Canada  and  New  Zealand  are  to  be 
found  in  this  school.  After  saluting  the  flag,  they  sing 
a  rousing  song,  every  word  of  which  they  feel.  If  you 
ask  them  they  will  say:  'Yes,  my  parents  did  come 
from  Austria  or  Russia,  but  /  am  an  American.' " 

Every  home  that  has  a  child  in  such  a  school  will 
profit  by  his  training,  and  this  should  make  us  hope- 
ful. But  on  the  other  hand,  the  large  foreign  com- 
munities in  our  cities  are  too  often  the  breeding  places 
of  crime.  People  huddled,  as  they  are,  in  our  slums 
and  tenements,  and  laboring  in  sweat  shops  from 

25 


early  morning  until  very  late,  naturally  become  dis- 
contented, and  this  discontent  often  leads  to  crime. 
Immorality  also  abounds,  as  might  be  expected.  The 
suggestion  of  the  United  States  Commissioner  of  Im- 
migration, therefore,  in  a  recent  report,  is  most  time- 
ly. He  says :  "The  matured  crops  of  the  West  and 
South  may  be  lost  for  lack  of  harvesters,  while  the 
street  organs,  push  carts  and  sweat  shops  of  the  cities 
are  insufficient  to  accommodate  their  alien  followers. 
While  suffering  and  envy  of  the  rich  in  the  cities  are 
educating  anarchists,  opportunities  for  making  homes 
are  going  to  waste  elsewhere.  I  know  of  nothing 
more  important  at  this  time  for  the  consideration  of 
Congress  than  legislation  to  break  up  these  alien  col- 
onies, to  distribute  their  members  where  they  can  find 
needed  and  useful  employment  and  supply  equally 
useful  labor.  There  is  no  specific  against  radical  views 
and  lawless  tendencies  equal  to  profitable  employ- 
ment and  the  possession  of  a  home." 

Many  of  these  foreigners  have  strange  religious  be- 
liefs, or  none  at  all.  This  is  indeed  a  land  of  relig- 
ious liberty,  where  every  man  can  worship  according 
to  the  dictates  of  his  own  conscience.  But  when  in 
Chicago  children  are  instructed  from  a  catechism  that 
teaches  atheism  and  anarchy,  that  is,  denial  of  God 
and  the  overthrow  of  government,  it  is  time  for  God- 
fearing and  law-abiding  people  to  be  concerned.  Right 
here  in  Christian  America  heathen  worship  is  being 
offered  in  heathen  temples.  Visit  "Chinatown"  in 
New  York,  Philadelphia,  San  Francisco  or  Los 
Angeles  any  day  in  the  year,  and  you  will  see  incense, 
as  in  China,  being  offered  to  idols.  Followers  of  Bud- 
dha, Confucius,  and  worshipers  of  the  sun  and  of  fire 

26 


are  in  our  midst.  Many  a  heathen  rite  is  performed 
almost  within  the  shadow  of  Christian  churches. 
When  such  conditions  exist,  the  question  of  duty  is 
plain.  Shall  the  heathen  in  his  blindness  in  his  own 
land  be  sought  out  by  the  missionary  of  the  cross, 
and  the  heathen  at  our  elbow,  who  brushes  past  us  in 
the  street,  be  left  in  his  ignorance  and  need? 

In  ancient  Israel  the  stranger  within  the  gate  was 
a  recognized  member  of  the  community,  and  toward 
him  there  was  a  duty  to  perform.  He  was  to  be  loved 
as  a  brother  (Lev.  19:  34)  ;  if  in  temporal  need  he  was 
to  be  relieved  (Lev.  25 :  35),  and  in  the  instruction  in 
the  law  of  the  Lord  he  was  to  share  (Deut.  31 :  12, 
13).  Is  our  duty  in  America  any  less  to  the  strang- 
ers in  our  midst?  God  hath  made  of  one  blood  all 
nations  under  heaven,  and  these  men  are  breth- 
ren— often  poor,  degraded,  ignorant  and  in  some 
cases  even  revolting — but  yet  brethren  for  whom 
Christ  died.  Their  very  needs  but  indicate  our  duty 
towards  them. 


7.  What  Are  We  Doing  for  the  Immigrants? 

The  very  day  he  lands  on  Ellis  Island,  Christian 
hearts  and  hands  are  ready  to  minister  to  the  alien's 
needs.  Many  branches  of  the  Christian  church  have 
workers  who  distribute  tracts.  Bibles,  papers,  and  who 
give  aid  in  many  ways.  Much  is  being  done  in  our 
cities  and  in  the  foreign  settlements  throughout  the 
country,  but  large  gifts  are  needed  to  help  meet  our 
obligation  to  the  foreigners.  The  Bible  and  helpful 
books  need  to  be  scattered  in  their  homes.  Sunday 
schools  need  to  be  started  that  their  children  may  be 

27 


taught  the  Word  of  God.    Churches  need  to  be  sup- 
ported in  which  the  gospel  can  be  preached. 

It  is  not  so  much  a  question  whether  or  not  we  wish 
to  meet  the  great  present  need.  Not  only  does  the 
welfare  of  the  immigrant  depend  upon  it,  but  our 
very  national  life  as  well.  The  stranger  is  here;  we 
have  taken  him  in.  We  must  care  for  him,  educate 
him,  elevate  him.  Christianize  him,  or  he  will  over- 
throw our  Christian  nation  and  trample  in  the  dust 
our  glorious  flag. 

"Our  task  for  a  hundred  years  to  come  must  be  to 
evangelize  the  millions  of  every  tongue  that  will  come 
to  our  firesides,  and  teach  them  that  liberty  on  Ameri- 
can soil  means  not  the  gratification  of  desire  or  lust 
or  selfishness,  but  self-denial,  service,  each  for  all  and 
all  for  each,  and  that  this  principle  flows  out  of  the 
Gospel  of  Christ." 

Questions. 

1.  Contrast  the  United   States   of  to-day  with  the 

country  300  years  ago,  and  tell  what  you  can 
of  its  development. 

2.  How   many   foreigners   are  there   in   the   United 

States  now,  and  at  what  daily  rate  are  they 
coming? 

3.  About  what  proportion  speak  English? 

4.  Can  immigrants  land  in  United  States  territory  at 

any  places  except  America,  and  if  so,  where? 

5.  Do  the  children  of  foreigners  make  good  Ameri- 

cans?   By  what  training? 

Questions  ^or  Older  Scholars. 

I.     If  you  were  a  foreigner,  under  what  conditions 

would  you  wish  to  emigrate  to  America  ? 

28 


2.  Do  you  think  emigration  from  one's  native  land 

shows  any  lack  of  patriotism?     If  so,  how? 

3.  What  dangers  are  there,  if  any,  in  foreigners  con- 

gregating in  particular  districts  ? 

4.  Do  you  think  immigration  should  be  restricted? 

If  so,  why,  and  to  what  extent? 

5.  How  would  you  safeguard  the  ballot  from  the  ig- 

norant foreigner  ? 

6.  How  does  increased  immigration  menace  our  na- 

tional life? 

Inte:resting  Books  for  the  Library. 

"The  Amateur  Emigrant,"  Robert  L.  Stevenson. 

"How  the  Other  Half  Lives,"  "Ten  Years'  War,'* 
"Children  of  the  Poor,"  Jacob  Riis. 

"Our  People  of  Foreign  Speech,"  Samuel  McLana- 
han. 

"Annual  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Immigra- 
tion."    (For  Adults). 

"Emigration  and  Immigration,"  R.  M.  Smith.  (For 
Adults.) 

"Our  Country,"  Josiah  Strong.  (For  Adults). 


29 


STUDY  III 

"BCliUiam  Carci? 
1763::»1834 

Zwc  ot  tbe  niisaionars  as  an  EDucator 
IPlonccr  to  UnDfa 

"A  man  who  unites  the  most  profound  and  varied  attain- 
ments; the  fervor  of  an  evangelist,  the  piety  of  a  saint  and  the 
simplicity  of  a  child." — Robert  Hall. 

Carey's  Argument  for  Missions  the  same  as  Paul's. 
See  Romans  x:  12-15. 

Carey's  Motto:  Expect  great  things  from  God;  attempt 
great  things  for  God. 

Why  Carey  Became  a  Missionary. 

A  little  over  a  hundred  years  ago  a  Danish  vessel 
dropped  anchor  on  the  eastern  coast  of  North  India, 
not  far  from  Calcutta,  and  a  five-months'  journey  was 
ended.  On  board  the  vessel  was  a  man  unlikely  to 
attract  particular  attention ;  small  of  stature,  but  with 
a  mighty  purpose.  Many  Englishmen  had  preceded 
William  Carey  to  India,  but  they  had  come  with  far 
different  motives,  seeking  gain  and  trade.  He  had 
come  not  to  get,  but  to  give,  and  the  story  of  his  life 

30 


shows  how  truly  he  gave  himself  and  all  that  he  had 
to  India. 

What  led  him,  you  may  ask,  to  travel  thousands  of 
miles  from  England  to  far  away  India?  Briefly,  a 
burning  zeal  to  give  the  gospel  to  those  in  heathen 
darkness.  But  what  led  to  this  zeal  when  the  mass  of 
Protestant  Christians  in  England  were  so  utterly  in- 
different, and  regarded  his  ideas  with  scorn  and  ridi- 
cule? So  much  so  that  even  the  ministers  were  op- 
posed, and  one  rebuked  his  zeal  by  saying:  "Young 
man,  sit  down;  when  the  Lord  wants  to  convert  the 
heathen  He  will  do  it  without  your  help  or  mine.*' 
The  study  of  two  books  accounted  for  his  zeal :  one, 
**The  Voyages  of  Captain  Cook,"  describing  visits  to 
strange  countries  and  peoples  and  telling  of  their  deg- 
radation and  need ;  the  other,  his  Bible,  in  which  he 
found  the  plain  command  to  take  the  gospel  to  meet 
the  world's  need ;  to  preach  it  to  every  creature.  With- 
out sympathy  or  help  from  any  at  first,  Carey  prayed 
much  over  these  two  books  and  his  resulting  duty  be- 
cause of  them.  He  was  only  a  humble  shoemaker, 
but,  Hke  Hiram  Golf,  *'a  shoemaker  by  the  grace  of 
God."    Let  us  visit  him  in  his  shop. 

The  Shoe  Shop  in  Hackelton. 

We  turn  down  a  narrow  street  in  the  little  village  of 
Hackelton,  England,  and  we  see  a  sign:  "Second- 
hand boots  and  shoes  bought  and  sold."  We  enter 
the  shop  and  on  the  wall  we  see  a  map  of  the  world, 
and  on  it  figures  and  notes  which  tell  the  conditions 
in  heathen  lands.  We  also  see  a  globe  made  of  the 
leather  scraps  from  the  shoes,  and  near  by  are  the  two 
books  of  which  we  spoke.     At  his  bench  is  William 

31 


Carey,  the  cobbler  and  the  minister,  for  while  "his 
business  is  to  serve  the  Lord,  he  cobbles  shoes  to  pay- 
expenses. "  We  soon  find  that  that  little  shop  is  a 
sacred  spot,  where  the  man  before  us  talks  often  with 
God,  and  as  we  converse  with  him  we  understand 
the  secret  of  his  missionary  zeal. 

Following  his  rebuke  by  the  minister  referred  to 
above,  Carey  prepared  a  pamphlet  which  was  an  in- 
quiry into  the  Church's  duty  to  send  the  gospel  to  the 
heathen.  This  has  since  become  famous^  and  in  it  he 
meets  the  objections  urged  then  and  now  against 
missionary  effort.  It  prepared  the  way  for  a  ser- 
mon which  he  preached  at  Northampton  in  1792  be- 
fore a  meeting  of  ministers  six  years  after  the  first 
meeting.  His  text  was  Isaiah  54:2-3,  and  his  divi- 
sions :  Expect  great  things  from  God :  Attempt  great 
things  for  God.  A  deep  impression  was  made,  and 
Carey,  seizing  the  arm  of  Andrew  Fuller  afterward, 
said :  "And  are  you,  after  all,  going  again  to  do 
nothing?"  Something  was  done,  for  four  months 
later  in  the  humble  little  home  of  a  widow  in  Ket- 
tering, twelve  village  ministers  met  and  organized  the 
"Baptist  Society  for  Propagating  the  Gospel  among 
the  Heathen,"  and  about  $65.00  was  subscribed  for 
the  work.  Thus  was  established  the  first  English 
Society  for  Foreign  Missions.  Carey's  name  does  not 
appear  on  the  list  of  the  subscribers.  Probably  he 
had  no  money  to  give.  But  he  gave  far  more — he 
gave  himself. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Society  in  January,  1793,  Dr. 
Thomas,  who  had  been  a  surgeon  in  India  in  the  em- 
ploy of  the  East  India  Company,  was  present  and  told 
of  India's  need.     At  this  meeting  Mr.  Fuller  said: 

32 


"There  is  a  gold  mine  in  India,  but  it  seems  almost  as 
deep  as  the  center  of  the  earth.  Who  will  venture  to 
explore  it?"  **i  will  go  down,"  said  Carey,  "but  re- 
member that  you  must  hold  the  ropes." 

Diif^icuLTiEs  IN  Getting  Passage  to  India. 

Plans  were  made  to  go  as  soon  as  possible,  and  an 
unsuccessful  effort  was  made  to  secure  transportation 
on  one  of  the  ships  of  the  East  India  Company.  Dr. 
Thomas,  who  knew  the  captain  of  one  of  their  vessels, 
the  ''Oxford,"  finally  persuaded  him  to  take  the  mis- 
sionaries for  ^250.  But  at  the  last  moment,  word 
having  been  sent  to  the  captain  that  should  he  do 
so  a  complaint  would  be  lodged  against  him,  he  refused 
to  let  them  stay  on  board.  This  was  a  crushing  dis- 
appointment to  Carey  and  Dr.  Thomas,  and  yet 
God's  hand  was  in  it.  Returning  to  London  it  was 
learned  that  passage  could  be  obtained  on  a  Danish 
vessel  soon  to  leave  for  Bengal.  When  Carey  first 
expressed  his  purpose  to  go  abroad  as  a  missionary 
his  wife  was  unwilling  to  go  with  him,  his  son  Felix 
alone  being  ready  to  do  so.  But  on  their  return 
home  from  the  "  Oxford  "  the  whole  matter  of  going 
to  India  was  again  discussed  and  Mrs.  Carey  said 
she  would  go  if  her  sister  would  accompany  her.  This 
the  latter  consented  to  do,  and  final  arrangements 
were  made  for  the  departure  on  June  13,  1793.  On 
November  9  of  the  same  year  the  missionaries  arrived 
in  India. 

Opposition  from  the  East  India  Company. 
Missionaries  were   not  the  first  people   to   go  to 
India.    The  East  India  Company,  to  which  reference 

33 


has  already  been  made,  had  been  organized  about  two 
hundred  years  before  for  purposes  of  trade.  Its  policy 
was  to  keep  the  natives  in  ignorance  of  Christianity, 
fearing  that  Christian  influence  might  interfere  with 
money  making  and  trade.  Carey  and  his  associates 
were  not  welcome,  therefore,  to  the  land  of  India, 
as  far  as  the  company  was  concerned.  Many  diffi- 
culties were  encountered  at  first,  and  finally  he  and 
Dr.  Thomas  secured  positions  as  managers  of  an 
indigo  factory.  Five  hundred  workmen  were  under 
Carey's  influence,  and  thus  he  had  an  excellent  oppor- 
tunity to  learn  the  needs  of  the  people.  His  idea  was 
that  "a  missionary  must  be  one  of  the  companions 
and  equals  of  the  people  to  whom  he  is  sent,"  and 
he  sought  to  carry  out  this  idea  in  all  his  dealings 
with  the  natives.  His  work  at  the  indigo  factory 
occupied  him  during  the  rainy  season,  when  he  could 
not  travel  about.  Every  Sunday  he  preached  to  sev- 
eral hundred  hearers,  many  of  whom  came  from  the 
surrounding  districts. 

These  were  trying  days  for  the  mission.  The  oppo- 
sition of  the  East  India  Company  increased  so  greatly 
that  the  mission  had  to  be  removed  to  the  Danish 
settlement  of  Serampore.  There  a  printing  press  was 
set  up,  and  with  the  help  of  two  additional  mission- 
aries, Marshman  and  Ward,  the  work  grew  steadily. 

First  Convert. 

Carey  had  been  seven  years  in  India  before  there 
was  a  single  convert  to  Christianity.  A  Hindoo  car- 
penter by  the  name  of  Krishnu  Pal  had  dislocated  his 
arm.     He  applied  to  Dr.  Thomas  for  help  and  seemed 

34 


more  anxious  about  his  sins  than  his  arm.  He  had 
heard  the  gospel  before,  and,  convicted  of  sin,  was 
eager  for  salvation.  On  the  last  Sunday  in  the  year 
1800  Carey  baptized  him,  and  great  was  the  joy  of 
the  missionaries  for  this  the  first  fruit  of  their  work. 
Krishnu  Pal  was  a  most  earnest  Christian  and  wrote 
the  hymn  which,  translated  into    English,  is    often 


Oh,  thou,  my  soul  forget  no  more 
The  Friend,  who  all  thy  misery  bore. 
Let  every  idol  be  forgot 
But,  oh,  my  soul,  forget  Him  not. 


Th^  Bible  Translated  into  the  Native  Tongue. 

Carey  had  not  been  long  in  India  before  he  realized 
that  the  great  need  was  the  translation  of  the  Scrip- 
tures into  the  native  tongues.  He  worked  very  hard 
and  in  1801  published  the  first  New  Testament  in  Ben- 
galee. In  1809  the  translation  of  the  whole  Bible  was 
completed.  During  his  life  Carey  made  thirty-six 
partial  or  complete  translations  of  the  Scriptures,  and 
was  the  means  of  giving  the  word  of  God  to  twenty- 
seven  millions  of  the  human  race. 

As  a  result  of  his  translations  into  Bengalee, 
Carey's  ability  as  a  scholar  became  known,  and  he 
was  made  professor  of  that  language  in  the  Govern- 
ment College  at  Fort  William,  a  position  which  he 
held  until  within  four  years  of  his  death.  This  did 
not  in  any  way  interfere  with  his  work  at  the  mission, 
and  all  of  his  $7,500  salary,  with  the  exception  of 
about  $200  for  his  family's  support,  he  gave  to  the 
work. 

35 


His  Work  as  a  Reformer. 

India  has  been  well  called  the  "  land  of  idols,"  for 
three  million  gods  are  worshiped,  and  there  are  about 
ten  times  as  many  idols  as  gods.  There  were  two 
practises  connected  with  this  idolatry  that  were  par- 
ticularly revolting;  one,  the  sacrifice  of  children  by 
throwing  them  into  the  Ganges  River  to  be  drowned 
or  devoured  by  sharks  or  alligators;  the  other,  the 
burning  alive  of  widows  of  Hindoos  with  the  body 
of  the  dead  husband.  This  latter  practise  was  called 
"  suttee."  Carey  did  all  in  his  power  to  have  such 
sacrifices  stopped,  and  in  1801  a  law  was  passed  for- 
bidding the  former,  but  not  until  1825  was  suttee 
abolished. 

His  Work  as  an  Educator. 

Carey  also  saw  the  need  of  a  native  ministry.  He 
realized  that  missionaries  from  abroad  could  never 
alone  accomplish  the  evangelization  of  India's  mil- 
lions. He  therefore  established  schools  for  the  train- 
ing of  converts,  and  in  1821  plans  developed  for  open- 
ing a  Christian  Training  College  at  Serampore.  His 
life  in  India  was  largely  devoted  to  educational  work. 
Within  a  year  after  his  arrival  he  opened  at  his  own 
expense  the  first  primary  school  worthy  of  the  name, 
in  all  the  country.  In  every  new  station,  as  it  was 
opened,  a  free  school  in  the  native  tongue  was  car- 
ried on,  and  soon  there  were  one  hundred  of  them. 
His  greatest  work  educationally  was  in  the  Govern- 
ment College  at  Fort  William,  and  in  the  college  for 
training  native  converts  at  Serampore. 

At  the  age  of  seventy-one  William  Carey  was 
called  to  the  higher  service  of  heaven.     Forty-one 

36 


years  of  his  life  had  been  given  to  India.  Shortly 
before  his  death  he  was  visited  by  Alexander  Duff, 
the  young  missionary  from  Scotland  who  was  to 
take  so  important  a  place  later  in  the  educational  and 
religious  development  of  India.  After  Duff  had 
prayed  with  him  and  had  left  the  room  he  heard 
Carey  feebly  calling  him.  Upon  his  return  Carey 
said :  "  Mr.  Duff,  you  have  been  speaking  about  Dr. 
Carey,  Dr.  Carey ;  when  I  am  gone  say  nothing  about 
Dr.  Carey — speak  about  Dr.  Carey's  Saviour." 

Questions. 

1.  What  led  Carey  to  become  a  missionary? 

2.  What  was  the  attitude  of  Christians  in  England 

toward  Foreign  Missions? 

3.  The  attitude  of  the  East  India  Company? 

4.  What  was  Carey's  argument  for  missions? 

5.  What  was   the   first  English   Missionary   Society, 

when  was  it  organized,  and  with  how  many 
members  ? 

AdditionaIv  Questions  for  Older  Schoi^ars. 

1.  What  do  you  consider  Carey's  greatest  work? 

2.  Tell  what  you  can  of  Carey's  educational  work. 

3.  What  traits  of  his  character  are  most  to  be  com- 

mended? 

4.  What  great  reforms  did  he  bring  about? 

Interesting  Books  for  the  Library. 

"  William  Carey,  the  Shoemaker,  who  became  the 
Father  and  Founder  of  Modern  Missions,"  by  John 
B.  Myers.     (Brief.) 

"  Life  of  William  Carey,"  by  Mary  E.  Farwell. 

37 


"Life  of  Carey,"  by  Dr.  George  Smith.  (For 
adults.) 

"  In  the  Tiger  Jungle,"  by  Dr.  Jacob  Chamberlain. 
Chapters  3,  17,  19,  20. 

"  The  Cobra's  Den,"  by  Dr.  Jacob  Chamberlain. 
Chapters  i,  11. 

"  The  Land  of  Idols,"  by  John  J.  Pool.  (Excellent.) 

"  Bits  about  India,"  by  Mrs.  Helen  H.  Holcomb. 
Chapters  6,  13,  14. 

"  In  Lands  Afar."     Pp.  133-200. 

"  Jungle  Stories  "  and  "  Kim,"  by  Kipling. 


38 


STUDY  IV 

2)avtt)  Xivingetone 

1813^1873 

^^pe  of  tbe  ftllsaionans  as  an  JEiplorer 
IPionccr  to  Btrica 

"The  end  of  the  geographical  feat  is  only  the  beginning  of 
the  enterprise." — Livingstone. 

'7  am  a  missionary,  heart  and  soul.  God  had  an  only  son, 
and  He  was  a  missionary.  A  poor,  poor  imitation  of  Him  I 
am,  or  wish  to  he.  In  this  service  I  hope  to  live;  in  it  I  wish 
to  die." — Livingstone. 

"Fear  God  and  work  hard." — Livingstone's  motto  and  the 
last  public  words  he  uttered  in  England. 

A  Real  Boy. 

If  you  could  have  seen  the  rough  Scotch  lad,  about 
ten  years  old,  working  in  a  cotton  factory  from  six 
in  the  morning  until  eight  at  night,  and  then  going 
home  to  study  as  long  as  his  mother  would  allow  him 
to  sit  up,  you  would  scarcely  have  expected  that  he 
was  to  become  the  man  who,  in  the  prime  of  his  life, 
had  the  whole  of  England  at  his  feet,  admiring  him 
as  the  greatest  explorer  and  discoverer  then  living. 
Yet  that  was  what  occurred  in  the  case  of  David  Liv- 

39 


ingstone.  Born  at  Blantyre,  Scotland,  March  19, 
1813,  he  grew  up  to  be  a  hard  working  boy,  full  of 
fun  and  life.  He  loved  to  duck  the  other  boys  when 
he  swam  past  them  in  the  Clyde,  and  one  day  he 
caught  a  large  salmon,  which  he  smuggled  home 
inside  his  brother's  loose  trousers,  so  that  it  might 
escape  detection.  He  was  always  fond  of  animals 
and  outdoor  life,  and  his  great  delight  was  to  spend 
a  day  in  the  country  gathering  specimens  of  flowers, 
rocks  and  birds.  He  was  also  a  great  reader,  his  pref- 
erence being  for  scientific  works  and  books  of  travel. 

Christ's  Love  Realized. 

When  about  twelve  years  old  he  began  to  think 
about  religious  matters,  but  had  the  idea  that  he  must 
wait  for  some  startling  change  in  his  life  before  he 
might  believe  that  God  loved  him  and  that  Christ 
had  died  for  him.  Not  until  he  was  nearly  twenty 
did  he  discover  his  error  through  the  reading  of  Dr. 
Dick's  "Philosophy  of  a  Future  State."  He  then 
realized  that  Christ  had  always  loved  him,  and  from 
that  moment  everything  was  changed.  "  It  is  my 
desire,"  he  wrote,  "  to  show  my  attachment  to  the 
cause  of  Him  who  died  for  me  by  devoting  my  Hfe  to 
His  service."  Just  about  this  time  his  father  had 
organized  a  missionary  society,  and  through  the 
study  of  Moravian  Missions  and  the  reading  of  the 
lives  of  such  missionaries  as  Henry  Martyn  and  oth- 
ers, Livingstone's  interest  in  the  cause  of  missions 
was  thoroughly  aroused.  At  first,  however,  he  had 
no  thought  of  becoming  a  missionary,  but  he  re- 
solved that  he  would  give  to  missions  all  that  he 

40 


might  earn  beyond  what  was  required  for  his  mere 
living. 

Decides  to  be  a  Missionary. 

When  he  was  twenty-one  he  read  an  "  Appeal  to 
the  Churches  of  Britain  and  America  on  behalf  of 
China,"  written  by  Charles  Gutzlaff.  It  made  such 
an  impression  upon  him  that  he  determined  to  give 
not  only  his  money,  but  his  life  to  missions. 

With  the  expectation  of  becoming  like  Gutzlaff,  a 
medical  missionary  to  China,  he  offered  himself  to 
the  London  Missionary  Society  and  began  the  study 
of  medicine.  The  breaking  out  of  the  Opium  War  in 
China  closed  the  door  of  that  country  to  missionaries. 
Meanwhile  Robert  'Moffat,  after  twenty  years  of 
service,  had  returned  to  England  for  a  visit,  with  many 
thrilling  stories  to  tell  of  his  perils  and  successes 
among  the  Hottentots  and  Bechuanas  of  South 
Africa.  An  interview  with  Moffat  led  Livingstone  to 
decide  to  go  to  Africa  instead  of  to  China.  On  the 
eve  of  his  departure  he  went  home  to  Blantyre  to  bid 
good-bye  to  his  family.  That  night  he  and  his 
father  talked  of  the  prospects  of  missions  and  agreed 
that  the  time  would  come  when  rich  men  would  think 
it  an  honor  to  support  whole  stations  of  missionaries 
instead  of  spending  their  money  on  hounds  and 
horses.  The  next  morning  he  read  the  121st  and 
the  135th  Psalms  at  family  worship  and  then  set  out 
for  Glasgow  to  catch  the  Liverpool  steamer.  After 
a  voyage  of  five  months  he  reached  South  Africa, 
sailing  from  England  on  December  8,  1840.  He  trav- 
eled seven  hundred  miles  by  ox  cart  from  Algoa  Bay 
and  arrived  at  Kuruman  in  July,  1841,  during  the 
absence  of  Mr.  Moffat,  who  was  still  in  England. 

41 


Why  the  Natives  Loved  Him. 

"Before  Livingstone  had  been  a  year  in  the  country 
his  power  over  the  Africans  was  manifest.  His  fear- 
less manner,  his  genial  address,  and  his  genuine  kind- 
ness of  heart,  united  to  form  a  spell  which  rarely 
failed.     His  medical  knowledge  helped  him  greatly." 

The  natives  seemed  to  feel  almost  at  once  that  he 
loved  them  and  wished  to  help  them.  He  treated 
them  with  much  more  kindness  than  the  white  traders 
who  had  been  among  them,  and  yet  he  also  made 
them  respect  him  and  serve  him  far  better  than  they 
did  others.  One  incident  will  show  his  character. 
He  carried  some  elephant  tusks  for  thousands  of 
miles  through  unbroken  forests  and  warring  tribes, 
so  as  to  sell  them  to  the  best  advantage  for  a  native 
chief  who  had  treated  him  kindly.  At  another  time 
a  chief  named  Sekomi,  impressed  by  Livingstone's 
godly  life,  came  to  him  and  said:  "I  wish  you  would 
change  my  heart.  Give  me  medicine  to  change  it, 
for  it  is  proud,  proud  and  angry,  angry  always."  To 
minister  to  just  such  spiritual  longings  as  these,  not 
with  medicine,  but  by  telling  men  and  women  of 
Christ,  who  alone  could  change  their  lives,  had 
brought  Livingstone  all  the  way  from  England  to 
Africa. 

ExPIvORATlONS  AND  DISCOVERIES. 

Livingstone's  life  in  Africa  may  be  divided  into 
three  distinct  periods : 

(i)  1841-1856,  fifteen  years.  Early  missionary 
labors  under  the  auspices  of  the  London  Missionary 
Society;  explorations  as  far  north  as  the  Zambesi, 

42 


including  the  discovery  of  Lake  Ngami ;  and  his  great 
journey  across  the  continent  of  Africa. 

(2)  1858-1864,  six  years.  Exploration  of  the 
Zambesi  at  the  head  of  a  Government  Expedition, 
including  discoveries  of  the  Lakes  Shirwa  and  Nyassa. 

(3)  1866-1873,  seven  years.  Explorations  in 
Central  Africa,  centering  about  Lake  Tanganyika, 
and  the  sources  of  the  Congo,  under  the  direction  of 
the  Royal  Geographical  Society. 

The  First  Period. 

(i)  During  the  first  period,  after  a  short  time 
spent  in  Kuruman,  in  order  to  learn  the  language 
and  customs  to  better  advantage,  he  went  to  a  spot 
where  he  secluded  himself  from  all  European  society 
for  about  six  months.  He  soon  became  convinced 
that  there  were  missionaries  enough  at  Kuruman  to 
reach  the  limited  population  surrounding  that  place, 
while  the  teeming  multitudes  of  the  interior  were  neg- 
lected. A  journey  of  seven  hundred  miles  taken  with 
a  brother  missionary  strongly  confirmed  this  opinion, 
and  led  to  the  selection  of  a  station  two  hundred  miles 
to  the  north. 

Receiving  permission  from  the  London  Missionary 
Society,  the  next  year  he  opened  a  station  at  Mabotsa, 
a  beautiful  valley  surrounded  by  mountains,  but  in- 
fested with  lions,  which  even  attack  the  cattle  in 
broad  daylight. 

Experience  with  a  Lion. 

On  one  occasion  a  lion,  from  which  he  was  trying 
to  rescue  a  negro,  knocked  him  over  and  broke  his 
arm  by  crushing  it  between  its  teeth.    Describing  the 

43 


incident  he  says :  "  He  caught  me  by  the  shoulder  and 
we  both  came  to  the  ground  together.  GrowHng 
horribly,  he  shook  me  as  a  terrier  dog  does  a  rat. 
The  shock  produced  a  stupor  similar  to  that  which 
seems  to  be  felt  by  a  mouse  after  the  first  grip  of  the 
cat.  It  caused  a  sort  of  dreaminess  in  which  there 
was  no  sense  of  pain  nor  feeling  of  terror,  though  I 
was  quite  conscious  of  all  that  was  happening.  This 
placidity  is  probably  produced  in  all  animals  killed 
by  the  carnivora,  and  if  so  is  a  merciful  provision  of 
the  Creator  for  lessening  the  pain  of  death."  Liv- 
ingstone never  told  of  all  this  at  home  until  he  was 
asked  how  he  got  a  lame  arm,  and  it  is  interesting 
to  know  that  when  his  body  was  brought  to  England 
after  his  death,  one  of  the  means  by  which  it  was 
identified  was  the  broken  bones  in  the  arm.  Some- 
one once  asked  him  what  his  thoughts  were  when  so 
near  to  death,  and  Livingstone's  reply  was  that  he 
was  wondering  what  part  of  him  the  lion  would  begin 
to  eat  first. 

Sechele  a  Converted  Chie?. 

As  soon  as  his  arm  was  healed  he  set  about  com- 
pleting the  mission  house  and  schoolhouse  and  mak- 
ing a  garden.  Not  long  afterwards  he  married  Mary 
Moffat,  daughter  of  Robert  Moffat,  through  whose 
influence  he  had  been  led  to  devote  his  Hfe  to  Africa. 
After  a  short  residence  at  Mabotsa  he  moved  forty 
miles  north  to  Chonuane.  Sechele,  chief  of  the  Bak- 
wains,  a  tribe  of  the  Bechuanas,  lived  here.  Living- 
stone was  much  struck  by  his  intelligence,  and  they 
were  mutually  drawn  to  each  other.  The  first  time 
Livingstone  attempted  to  hold    a    religious    service 

44 


Sechele  remarked  that  it  was  the  custom  of  his  nation, 
when  any  new  subject  was  brought  before  them,  to 
ask  questions  on  it.  "He  inquired  if  my  forefathers 
knew  of  a  future  judgment.  I  replied  that  they  did, 
and  began  to  describe  the  scene  of  the  '  great  white 
throne,'  and  Him  who  shall  sit  on  it,  from  whose 
face  the  heaven  and  earth  shall  flee  away.  He  said, 
'  You  startle  me ;  these  words  make  all  my  bones  to 
shake ;  I  have  no  more  strength  in  me ;  but  my  fore- 
fathers were  living  at  the  same  time  yours  were,  and 
how  is  it  that  they  did  not  send  them  word  about 
these  terrible  things  sooner?  They  all  passed  away 
into  darkness  without  knowing  whither  they  were 
going.' " 

Sechele,  having  been  converted,  was  anxious  to 
make  Christians  of  all  his  people,  and  he  advised 
rather  harsh  measures.  '*  Do  you  imagine  these  peo- 
ple will  ever  beHeve  by  your  merely  talking  to  them  ?  " 
he  asked.  "  If  you  like,  I  shall  call  my  head  men, 
and  with  our  whips  of  rhinoceros-hide  we  will  soon 
make  them  all  believe  together." 

While  living  among  the  Bakwains,  there  was  great 
suffering  from  drought,  and  Livingstone  realized  that 
he  must  seek  another  location  for  his  mission  station. 
Unsuccessful  in  finding  a  suitable  place,  he  returned 
to  Kolobeng,  from  whence  he  had  set  out.  Not  alto- 
gether fruitless,  however,  were  these  journeys,  for  in 
the  course  of  them  he  discovered  Lake  Ngami  and 
the  Zambesi  River.  They  revealed  to  him,  too,  the 
great  needs  of  the  natives  in  the  far  interior,  and  to 
them  Livingstone  longed  to  take  the  gospel.  From 
experience  he  realized  that  it  was  not  well  for  his 
family  to  accompany  him  on  such  expeditions,  and  so 

45 


it  was  determined  that  they  should  go  to  England.  Ac- 
companying them  to  Cape  Town,  more  than  fifteen 
hundred  miles  by  ox-cart,  he  bade  his  wife  and  chil- 
dren good-bye. 

Capd  Town  to  Loanda  and  Across  Ai^rica,  1852-6. 

He  then  retraced  his  steps  northward  for  a  thou- 
sand miles  to  Kolobeng  on  his  way  to  Linyanti, 
whence  he  planned  to  find  a  way  either  to  the  East  or 
West  Coast.  Accompanied  by  members  of  the  Mako- 
lolo  Tribe  he  made  his  way  some  fifteen  hundred 
miles  further  through  the  wilderness  to  the  west, 
through  regions  never  before  seen  by  white  men.  The 
forests  became  more  dense  as  he  went  forward.  "We 
traveled  much  more  in  the  deep  gloom  of  the  forest 
than  in  open  sunlight.  Large  climbing  plants  en- 
twined themselves  around  the  trunks  and  branches  of 
gigantic  trees  like  boa  constrictors.  Many  of  them 
ran  to  a  height  of  fifty  feet  of  one  thickness  and  with- 
out branches." 

The  farther  he  traveled  the  more  deeply  was  he 
impressed  with  the  horrors  of  the  slave  trade,  as  wit- 
nessed on  this  long  journey.  Nearly  every  day  he 
saw  families  torn  asunder,  dead  bodies  along  the  way, 
gangs  of  human  beings  chained  and  yoked  together, 
and  skeletons  by  the  roadside. 

Reaching  Loanda  on  the  coast  after  terrible  hard- 
ships and  having  had  more  than  thirty  attacks  of 
fever,  he  refused  to  embark  on  a  British  vessel  for 
home,  for  he  had  pledged  his  word  to  Sekeletu,  the 
Makololo  chief,  that  he  would  return  with  the  men. 
To  keep  his  promise  involved  a  journey  of  nearly 
two  years  and  a  line  of  march  of  two  thousand  miles 

46 


through  jungles,  swamps  and  desert,  though  often 
through  scenes  of  surpassing  beauty. 

After  a  brief  rest,  he  determined  to  seek  a  passage 
to  the  East  Coast,  and  so,  following  the  Zambesi 
River,  he  discovered  the  wonderful  Victoria  Falls, 
even  grander  than  Niagara.  A  little  later  he  discov- 
ered two  healthful  mountain  ridges,  free  from  fever, 
and  he  hoped  that  there  a  mission  might  be  estab- 
lished. Finally  in  May,  1856,  he  reached  Quilimane, 
a  small  Portuguese  town  on  the  East  Coast,  having 
crossed  the  continent,  a  feat  never  before  accom- 
pHshed  by  any  European. 

His  great  success  as  an  explorer  had  by  this  time 
been  recognized,  for  in  the  preceding  year  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society  had  awarded  him  their  gold 
medal,  the  highest  honor  they  bestowed.  The 
Astronomer-Royal,  Mr.  Maclear,  said  of  him,  "He  has 
done  that  which  few  other  travelers  in  Africa  can 
boast  of:  he  has  fixed  his  geographical  points  with 
very  great  accuracy,  and  yet  he  is  only  a  poor  mis- 
sionary!" The  obscure  missionary  now  returned  to 
England  and,  after  sixteen  years  of  absence,  was 
greeted  as  the  world-renowned  discoverer. 

Return  to  Africa — Second  and  Third  Periods. 

(2)  After  spending  two  years  in  England,  1856- 
1858,  working  upon  his  books,  the  profits  of  which 
he  dedicated  to  the  opening  of  Africa,  and  after  pre- 
senting the  needs  of  the  Dark  Continent  in  many  pub- 
lic addresses,  he  once  more  returned  to  the  Zambesi 
at  the  head  of  a  Government  Expedition,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  discovery  of  Lakes  Shirwa  and  Nyassa. 

(3)  In   1866-73  he  undertook  still  more  danger- 

47 


ous  explorations  in  the  neighborhood  of  Lake  Nyassa 
and  Take  Tanganyika,  and,  not  having  been  heard 
from  for  a  long  time,  was  given  up  for  lost,  so  that 
in  1871  Henry  M.  Stanley  was  sent  by  the  New  York 
Herald  to  search  for  him.  Stanley  found  him  far  in 
the  interior  and  offered  to  escort  him  back  to  the 
coast.  Livingstone,  however,  was  resolved  to  dis- 
cover the  sources  of  the  Nile  before  he  returned  to 
England,  so  Stanley  merely  journeyed  with  him  a  few 
months  and  then  left  him,  promising  to  send  more 
men  and  supplies  from  the  coast.  Stanley  writes  of 
Livingstone  that  "he  had  not  a  fault,  and  that  after 
being  with  him  in  discomfort,  illness  and  trials  for 
many  days."  When  Livingstone  had  said  good-bye 
to  Stanley  and  watched  him  out  of  sight  he  turned 
back  to  his  tent  and  never  saw  a  white  man  again. 
Instead  of  finding  the  sources  of  the  Nile,  Living- 
stone discovered  the  sources  of  the  Congo. 

The  great  longing  of  his  life,  emphasized  strongly 
in  some  of  the  last  letters  he  ever  wrote,  was  to  abol- 
ish the  slave  trade.  To  his  brother  he  writes :  "  If 
the  good  Lord  permits  me  to  put  a  stop  to  the  enor- 
mous evils  of  the  inland  slave  trade  I  shall  not  grudge 
my  hunger  and  toils.  I  shall  bless  His  name  with  all 
my  heart.  Men  may  think  I  covet  fame,  but  I  make 
it  a  rule  never  to  read  aught  written  in  my  praise." 
On  his  birthday,  a  year  before  he  died,  and  just  after 
Stanley  left  him,  he  writes  in  his  diary :  "  My  Jesus, 
my  King,  my  Life,  my  All,  I  again  dedicate  my  whole 
self  to  Thee.  Accept  me,  and  grant,  O  gracious 
Father,  that  ere  this  year  is  gone  I  may  finish  my 
task.     In  Jesus'  name  I  ask  it.     Amen." 

About    five    weeks    before    his    death    he    writes: 

48 


"  Nothing  earthly  will  make  me  give  up  my  work  in 
despair.  I  encourage  myself  in  the  Lord  my  God 
and  go  forward." 

On  May  4,  1873,  his  servants  found  him  dead, 
kneeling  beside  his  bed  in  the  attitude  of  prayer.  He 
had  finished  his  work  and  had  opened  up  Africa  that 
the  knowledge  of  Christ  might  be  sent  to  the  black 
men  far  from  civilization.  After  burying  his  heart 
under  a  mvula  tree  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Bangweolo, 
where  he  died,  his  negro  followers  carried  his  body 
thousands  of  miles  to  the  coast,  a  nine-months'  jour- 
ney through  the  warlike  tribes  and  amid  frightful  dif- 
ficulties. Thus  did  these  men  show  their  courage  and 
endurance,  and  above  all  the  love  which  Livingstone 
had  inspired  in  them.  "The  story  stands  alone  in 
history.  The  ten  thousand  had  Xenophon  still  alive 
to  lead  them  back,  and  they  were  soldiers  and  Greeks ; 
but  Livingstone  was  dead,  and  his  men  negroes,  and 
most  of  them  but  recently  slaves." 

On  April  18,  1874,  the  mortal  remains  of  David 
Livingstone,  missionary,  traveler,  philanthropist,  were 
buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  with  the  highest 
honors,  but  his  spirit  had  been  called  to  even  higher 
honors  in  the  presence  of  his  King. 

"He  needs  no  epitaph  to  guard  a  name 

Which  men  shall  prize  while  worthy  work  is  known ; 
He  lived  and  died  for  good — be  that  his  fame. 

Let  marble  crumble:  this  is  Living-stone." 

Questions. 

1.  Tell  of  Livingstone's  early  life  and  conversion. 

2.  What  led  him  to  become  a  missionary  to  Africa? 

3.  What  impression  did  he  make  upon  the  natives? 

49 


4-  Tell  of  his  encounter  with  the  lion? 

5.  What  was  his  first  great  journey?    What  did  it  ac- 

complish?   How  did  it  show  his  character? 

6.  What  did  he  discover  on  the  other  two  journeys? 

7.  Who  made  a  journey  to  Africa  to  find  him? 

8.  What  became  the  great  passion  of  his  Hfe? 

AdDITIONAIv  QuieSTlONS   FOR   Ol.D^R   ScHOIvARS. 

1.  Mention  the  three  periods  of  his  life  in  Africa? 

2.  Which  of  his  words  show  that  his  work  of  explora- 

tion   was    secondary    to    his    missionary    en- 
deavors ? 

3.  What  two  things  did  he  emphasize  in  his  last  public 

words  in  England? 

4.  What  was  the  greatest  thing  he  did  for  Africa  ? 

Interesting  Books  :^or  the  Library. 

"  Missionary  Travels  and  Researches  in  South 
Africa,"  "  Narrative  of  an  Expedition  to  the  Zambesi 
and  Its  Tributaries,"  1858-1864,  "  Livingstone's  Last 
Journals,"  David  Livingstone.     (For  adults.) 

"  David  Livingstone,  His  Labors  and  His  Legacy," 
Arthur  Montefiore.     (For  adults.) 

"  The  Life  of  David  Livingstone,"  Mrs.  J.  H.  Wor- 
cester, Jr.     (Brief  and  excellent.) 

"  The  Personal  Life  of  David  Livingstone,"  W.  G. 
Blaikie.     (For  older  scholars.) 

"  David  Livingstone,"  T.  Banks  Maclachlan  (Brief.) 

"David  Livingstone,"  Thomas  Hughes.     (Brief.) 


SO 


STUDY  V 

3obn  (3.  ipaton 

I824*'l907 

XLwc  of  tbe  fBlissfonar^  ae  an  lEvanaelist 
pioneer  to  tbe  mew  IHebrtOee 

Favorite  Texts: 

"/  can  do  all  things  through  Christ  which  strengtheneth  me." 
"Lo,  I  am  with  you  alway." 

Birth  and  Eari^y  Training. 

In  a  simple  thatched  cottage  in  Dumfries,  Scotland, 
on  March  4,  1824,  the  baby  who  was  to  be  the  future 
missionary  to  the  New  Hebrides  was  born.  His  par- 
ents were  both  devout,  earnest  Christians,  and  in  the 
atmosphere  of  a  religious  home  John  Paton  grew  up. 
Its  influences  he  never  forgot,  nor  did  the  benediction 
of  his  parents'  prayers  fail  to  follow  him  all  his  life. 
Because  of  their  poverty  he  had  to  leave  school  when 
he  was  twelve  years  old  to  assist  his  father  in  manu- 
facturing stockings.  Though  the  hours  were  long, 
from  six  in  the  morning  to  ten  at  night,  he  devoted 
every  spare  minute  at  the  noon  hour  and  in  the  even- 
ing to  his  studies,  for  he  was  determined  to  prepare 
himself,  if  God  spared  him,  to  be  a  missionary  or  a 
minister.    From  his  earnings  he  saved  enough  to  at- 

51 


tend  an  academy  for  six  months.  After  that  we  see 
him  starting  on  foot  to  Glasgow  to  become  a  district 
visitor  and  tract  distributor,  with  the  privilege  of 
attending  the  Normal  College.  A  small  bundle,  tied 
up  in  his  handkerchief,  contained  his  Bible  and  all 
his  personal  belongings. 

In  GivASGow. 

Here  began  the  real  preparation  for  his  great  work 
as  a  missionary  evangelist.  Faith  had  many  tests. 
On  account  of  hard  work  and  poor  food  his  health 
broke  down,  so  that  he  had  to  leave  Glasgow.  Upon 
his  return  he  re-entered  the  college,  but  had  to  with- 
draw on  account  of  lack  of  funds.  Experiences  in 
teaching  school  among  coarse,  bad  characters,  and 
work  as  a  city  missionary  in  the  slums,  in  which  he 
was  eminently  successful,  fitted  him  for  his  future 
work  among  the  heathen.  All  the  while  his  thoughts 
and  prayers  were  for  the  perishing  souls  in  the  South 
Seas,  and  when  the  call  came  for  a  helper  for  the  Rev. 
John  Inglis  in  the  New  Hebrides,  Paton  expressed 
his  desire  to  go.  Many  sought  to  deter  him,  the 
crowning  argument  being  "  The  cannibals !  You  will 
be  eaten  by  cannibals."  Of  this  Paton  writes :  **  But 
conscience  said  louder  and  louder  every  day:  Leave 
all  the  results  with  Jesus,  your  Lord,  who  said :  *  Go 
ye  into  all  the  world,  preach  the  Gospel  to  every  crea- 
ture, and  lo,  I  am  with  you  alway.'  These  words  kept 
ringing  in  my  ears.  These  were  our  marching  orders." 

The  New  Hebrides. 

The  New  Hebrides  are  a  group  of  thirty  islands 
northeast  of  Australia  and  contain  about  seventy  thou- 

52 


sand  inhabitants.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Paton  located  on 
Tanna,  an  absolutely  heathen  and  cannibal  island,  on 
November  5,  1858.  The  natives  seemed  to  desire  the 
missionaries  to  stay  with  them,  but  it  was  rather  with 
an  eye  to  the  axes,  knives,  fish  hooks  and  blankets 
than  with  a  thirst  for  religion,  as  their  subsequent 
treatment  of  Paton  showed.  They  were  naked  sav- 
ages and  cannibals.  They  had  no  books,  not  even  a 
written  language ;  they  lived  in  huts,  but  in  the  rudest 
way — with  no  comforts  at  all.  The  men  had  no  occu- 
pation, for  the  women  did  all  the  work,  and  Satan 
kept  their  idle  hands  busy  making  war  on  each  other, 
fighting,  fighting  all  the  time.  They  lived  on  native 
fruits  and  the  dead  bodies  of  their  enemies  slain  in 
battle.  Their  religion  was  the  lowest  religion  of  fear. 
They  had  hosts  of  idols  and  worshiped  almost  every- 
thing. They  knew  nothing  of  a  God  of  mercy,  and 
attributed  every  sickness  or  calamity  to  the  anger  of 
some  god  or  to  witchcraft.  Such  were  the  people  to 
whom  John  Paton  was  to  tell  the  gospel  message. 

The  greatest  sorrow  in  the  long  list  of  Paton's 
trials  and  hardships  must  have  been  the  death  of  his 
wife,  three  months  after  they  settled  on  Tanna.  Left 
alone  with  his  faithful  Aneityumese  teacher,  he  bat- 
tled against  fever  and  ague  and  the  treachery  of  the 
natives,  who  had  determined  to  kill  him.  Many  times 
they  would  have  done  it  had  not  God  restrained  their 
hands.  Once  a  man  rushed  at  him  with  an  axe.  An- 
other time  he  awakened  to  find  his  house  surrounded 
by  armed  men  intent  on  killing  him.  But  in  these 
and  many  other  instances  God  kept  him  safe,  and 
he  was  wonderfully  brave  and  calm.  He  says :  "  Life 
in  such  circumstances  led  me  to  cling  very  near  to  the 

53 


Lord  Jesus.  With  my  trembling  hand  clasped  in  the 
hand  once  nailed  on  Calvary,  calmness  and  peace 
filled  my  soul.  I  had  my  nearest  and  dearest  glimpses 
of  the  face  of  my  beloved  Lord  in  those  dread  mo- 
ments when  musket,  club  or  spear  v^as  being  leveled 
at  my  life."  For  three  years  he  ministered  to  the 
needs  of  the  Tannese  and  in  every  way  endeavored  to 
win  them  to  Christ.  But  the  hatred  of  the  new  relig- 
ion grew  so  strong  that  Paton  and  his  faithful  Aneit- 
yumese  teacher  were  barely  able  to  escape  with  their 
lives.  Were  these  three  years  lost  years?  Of  them 
Paton  writes :  "By  the  goodness  of  the  ever-merciful 
One,  I  have  lived  to  see  and  hear  of  a  Gospel  Church 
on  Tanna  and  to  read  about  my  fellow-missionaries, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Watt,  celebrating  the  Holy  Supper  with 
a  congregation  of  Tannese  amid  the  very  scenes  and 
people  where  the  seeds  of  faith  and  hope  were  planted 
in  tears,  but  tears  of  blood." 

In  Aniwa. 

Before  beginning  work  on  this  smaller  island,  Mr. 
Paton  was  most  successful  in  arousing  interest  in  the 
mission  to  the  New  Hebrides  throughout  Austra- 
lia, England  and  Scotland,  especially  among  the  chil- 
dren who  became  shareholders  in  the  ''Dayspring,"  a 
much  needed  missionary  boat.  Paton's  return  had  a 
marvelous  effect  on  the  natives.  "How  is  this?"  they 
cried.  "We  slew  or  drove  them  all  away.  We  plun- 
dered their  houses  and  robbed  them.  Had  we  been 
so  treated  nothing  could  have  made  us  return.  But 
they  come  back  with  a  beautiful  new  ship  and  with 
more  missionaries.  And  is  it  to  trade  and  get  money 
like  the  other  white  men  ?    No,  no !  but  to  tell  us  of 

54 


their  Jehovah  God  and  his  Son,  Jesus.  If  their  God 
makes  them  do  that,  we  may  well  worship  him,  too.'* 
The  work  on  Aniwa  was  no  easier  than  on  Tanna. 
A  new  language  had  to  be  mastered  and  the  natives 
were  undoubtedly  heathen.  Namakei,  the  first  con- 
vert, was  won  through  a  cup  of  tea.  Enjoying  the 
taste  of  the  first  cup,  he  came  frequently  for  more  and 
became  very  friendly  to  the  missionaries,  and  then 
grew  to  love  their  God. 

Digging  th^  We;ll. 

"The  sinking  of  a  well  in  Aniwa,"  Mr.  Paton  says, 
"broke  the  backbone  of  heathenism  on  the  island." 
Rain  from  below  was  unheard  of.  The  only  fresh 
water  they  knew  was  rain,  and  if  God  gave  that  to 
"Missi"  Paton,  then  He  must  be  greater  than  any  of 
their  gods.  Paton  commenced  to  dig  and  one  evening 
he  said  to  the  old  Chief:  "I  think  God  will  give  us 
water  to-morrow  from  that  hole."  The  Chief  said: 
"No,  Missi,  you  will  never  see  rain  coming  up  from 
the  earth.  We  expect,  if  you  reach  water,  to  see  you 
drop  through  into  the  sea,  and  the  sharks  will  eat 
you.  That  will  be  the  end  of  it."  But  Mr.  Paton 
said :  "Come  to-morrow." 

At  daybreak  he  went  down  and  sank  a  narrow  hole 
two  feet  deeper  in  the  excavation  already  made.  The 
water  rushed  up  and,  trembling  with  excitement,  he 
tasted  it  and  found  it  was  fresh  water — living  water 
from  Jehovah's  well.  The  chiefs  and  their  men  were 
waiting  at  the  top,  and,  going  up,  Paton  called  them 
to  come  and  see  the  rain  Jehovah  God  had  given 
through  the  well.  They  looked  at  it,  but  were  afraid 
to  touch  it.    At  last  the  old  Chief  tasted  it,  swallowed 

55 


it  and  shouted  :  "Rain ;  rain !  yes,  it  is  rain !  But  how 
did  you  get  it?"  He  repeated  that  Jehovah  God  had 
given  it  out  of  the  earth  in  answer  to  their  labors  and 
prayers,  and  invited  them  to  go  down  and  see  it  for 
themselves.  They  were  afraid  to  do  more  than  peer 
over  the  edge,  but  when  each  had  looked  down  and, 
as  they  said,  were  "weak  with  wonder,"  the  old  Chief 
exclaimed,  "Missi,  wonderful,  wonderful,  is  the  work 
of  your  Jehovah  God !  No  God  of  Aniwa  ever  helped 
us  in  this  way." 

The  well  having  been  completed,  the  old  Chief 
came  to  Mr.  Paton  and  said:  "I  want  to  help  you 
next  Sabbath.  Will  you  let  me  preach  a  sermon  on 
the  well?"  He  consented  and  the  news  spread  like 
wildfire  that  Namakei  was  to  be  missionary  next  Sun- 
day. A  stranger  and  more  effective  sermon  was 
never  preached.  Namakei  was  greatly  excited  and 
flourished  his  tomahawk  about  at  a  startling  rate. 
With  flashing  eyes  he  told  his  hearers  how  they  had 
laughed  at  Mr.  Paton  and  had  refused  to  help  him, 
and  then,  jumping  in  the  air,  he  cried  with  great  elo- 
quence :  "People  of  Aniwa,  the  world  is  turned  upside 
down  since  the  word  of  Jehovah  came  to  this  land ! 
Who  ever  expected  to  see  rain  coming  up  through 
the  earth?  By  the  help  of  Jehovah  God  the  Missi 
brought  that  invisible  rain  to  view,  and  something  in 
my  heart  tells  me  that  the  Jehovah  God  does  exist, 
the  Invisible  One,  whom  we  never  heard  of  nor  saw 
till  the  Missi  brought  Him  to  our  knowledge.  I,  your 
Chief,  do  now  firmly  believe  that  when  I  die  I  shall 
see  the  invisible  Jehovah  God  with  my  soul,  as  Missi 
tells  me,  not  less  surely  than  I  have  seen  the  rain 
from  the  earth  below.    From  this  day  I  must  worship 

56 


the  God  who  has  opened  for  us  the  well,  and  who  fills 
it  with  rain  from  below. 

"The  gods  of  Aniwa  cannot  hear  nor  help  us  like 
the  God  of  Missi.  Henceforth  I  am  a  follower  of 
Jehovah  God.  Let  every  man  that  thinks  with  me 
go  now  and  fetch  the  idols  of  Aniwa,  the  gods  which 
our  fathers  feared,  and  cast  them  down  at  Missi's 
feet.  Let  us  burn  and  bury  and  destroy  these  things 
of  wood  and  stone,  and  let  us  be  taught  by  the  Missi 
how  to  serve  Jehovah  God.  Namakei  stands  up  for 
Jehovah!"  That  very  day  the  old  Chief  and  several 
others  brought  their  idols,  and  in  the  weeks  that  fol- 
lowed great  heaps  were  piled  in  front  of  the  mission- 
ary's door  and  were  then  destroyed. 

Thus  heathen  worship  was  gradually  abolished  and 
every  person  on  Aniwa,  without  exception,  became, 
ere  many  years,  an  avowed  worshiper  of  Jehovah. 
When  the  missionaries  went  to  the  New  Hebrides 
there  was  not  a  single  Christian.  After  some  years 
of  labor  there  was  not  a  single  heathen.  What  hath 
God  wrought!  As  a  missionary  evangelist  Paton's 
methods  differed  from  those  employed  in  a  Christian 
land.  He  was  dealing  with  savage  cannibals,  but  the 
Spirit  of  God  who  so  signally  blessed  his  ministry  in 
Glasgow  gave  him  even  larger  and  greater  success  as 
a  messenger  of  Jesus  Christ  to  those  in  heathen  dark- 
ness. 

"And  they  that  be  wise  shall  shine  as  the  brightness  of  the 
firmament;  and  they  that  turn  many  to  righteousness  as  the 
stars  forever  and  ever." 

QUE^STIONS. 
I.  Tell  of  Paton^s  early  life  and  his  preparation  for 
missionary  service. 

57 


2.  Describe  the  people  among  whom  he  labored,  and 

tell  of  some  of  his  difficulties  and  discourage- 
ments. 

3.  What  two  things  caused  the  overthrow  of  idolatry 

in  Aniwa? 

Additionai.  Questions  for  Older  Scholars. 

1.  What  do  you  consider  Paton's  greatest  work? 

2.  Who  have  done  more  for  heathen  lands,  mission- 

aries or  traders? 

3.  Have  the  heathen  any  claim  on  us?   (See  what  Paul 

thought  about  it. — Romans  i :  14-16.) 

Interesting  Books  i'or  the  Library. 

"The  Story  of  John  G.  Paton."  (Intensely  interest- 
ing for  all.) 

"Letters  and  Sketches  from  the  New  Hebrides,"  by 
Mrs.  J.  G.  Paton.  (For  adults  and  older  scholars.) 

"Lomai  of  Lenakel,"  by  Frank  H.  L.  Paton.  (Story 
of  a  New  Hebrides  convert.  For  adults  and  older 
scholars.) 


58 


STUDY  VI 

3obn  Ikcnnctb  flUachenstc 

Z^pc  of  tbe  ttlisslonat^  as  a  iPbgeician 

rtleDtcal  fllissions— ^be  2)ouble  Cure— Mealing 
Soul  anD  :BoDg 

"It  is  my  aim  to  make  the  hospital  a  means  of  proclaiming 
the  Gospel  and  reaching  the  hearts  of  the  people  through  kind- 
ness and  whatever  benefit  medically  one  can  give  them." — J. 
K.  Mackenzie. 

Active  Work  and  Preparation. 

Among  the  names  of  the  missionaries  who  went  to 
China  to  relieve  the  bodily  sufferings  of  the  people,  as 
well  as  to  preach  the  gospel  of  Christ,  we  find  that  of 
John  Kenneth  Mackenzie.  He  is  not  to  be  singled  out 
as  the  first  to  introduce  medical  missions,  but  rather 
as  one  who,  through  his  successful  labor,  so  won  the 
confidence  of  people  of  all  classes,  including  some  of 
the  highest  officers  of  the  land,  as  to  awaken  new  in- 
terest in  medical  missions  and  prepare  an  easier  path 
for  those  who  were  to  follow  him. 

He  was  born  in  England,  at  Yarmouth,  on  August 
25,  1850,  and  was  the  son  of  godly  parents.  Like 
other  boys,  he  was  fonder  of  healthful  outdoor  play 

59 


and  exercise  than  of  study.  He  left  school  at  the  early 
age  of  fifteen  to  begin  business  as  clerk  in  an  office. 
While  working  there  he  regularly  attended  the  meet- 
ings of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  and 
was  first  awakened  to  his  real  need  of  a  Saviour 
through  an  address  delivered  at  one  of  the  meetings 
by  Mr.  Dwight  L.  Moody.  This  led  to  his  making  a 
full  confession  of  his  faith  a  year  later,  when  he 
joined  the  church  at  Bristol.  His  was  a  joyful  Chris- 
tian life  and  he  wished  to  share  that  joy  with  others. 
At  once  he  began  active  work,  at  first  giving  out 
tracts  in  the  crowded  streets  on  Sunday  nights,  visit- 
ing houses,  working  among  ragged  children  and  in  the 
Midnight  Mission  among  the  outcasts  of  society. 
Feeling  the  need  of  preparation  for  all  this  work, 
Mackenzie  and  several  friends  decided  to  meet  regu- 
larly for  conference  and  mutual  help.  The  place 
chosen  was  a  disused  cow  shed  about  two  miles  from 
town,  and  the  hour  5  a.  m.  They  took  turns  in  preach- 
ing sermons,  which  they  would  then  discuss  and  criti- 
cize, and  this  humble  meeting-place  became  their  train- 
ing school  for  Christian  service.  Soon  after  this 
Mackenzie's  attention  was  directed  to  the  foreign 
field  by  the  reading  of  the  lives  of  two  Chinese  mis- 
sionaries, WiUiam  Burns  and  Dr.  Henderson.  Con- 
sulting an  older  friend.  Colonel  Duncan,  about  his 
desire  to  go  abroad,  the  Colonel  said :  "You  are  still 
very  young.  Would  it  not  be  well  to  go  in  for  the 
study  of  medicine  and  in  the  course  of  time  go  out  to 
China  as  a  medical  missionary?"  After  reading  "The 
Double  Cure;  or,  What  Is  a  Medical  Mission?"  by 
Mrs.  Gordon,  his  duty  seemed  perfectly  clear.  When 
he  told  his  parents  of  his  desire  to  go  to  China  they 

60 


strenuously  objected,  but  later  they  gave  their  con- 
sent, and  Mackenzie  began  the  study  of  medicine. 
After  receiving  his  degree  and  spending  some  time  at 
a  hospital  in  London,  he  offered  himself  to  the  Lon- 
don Missionary  Society  for  service  at  Hankov^,  which 
station  he  knew  to  be  in  great  need  of  medical 
workers.  His  offer  was  accepted,  and  in  April,  1875, 
when  only  twenty-five  years  of  age,  he  sailed  for 
China.  His  impatience  to  begin  work  was  great,  and 
with  the  captain's  permission  he  held  services  on  board 
the  ship.  In  June  he  arrived  at  Hankow  and  was 
warmly  welcomed  by  the  missionaries  there. 

First  Yhar  in  China. 

As  a  hospital  had  already  been  in  existence  for 
more  than  ten  years.  Dr.  Mackenzie's  field  lay  open 
before  him,  but  he  was,  of  course,  greatly  hampered 
by  his  ignorance  of  the  language.  Nevertheless,  his 
first  day  found  him  at  work  in  the  hospital  during  the 
morning,  and  the  afternoon  was  given  to  the  study 
of  Chinese.  His  first  Sundays  he  spent  on  board  the 
trading  vessels  in  port,  either  preaching  to  the  sailors 
or  inviting  them  to  come  to  the  meetings  on  shore.  If 
he  could  not  yet  preach  to  the  natives,  at  all  events  he 
could  speak  to  his  countrymen,  many  of  whom  did 
not  often  hear  the  word  of  God.  Many  of  these  sailors 
were  brought  to  Christ  and  found  cause  to  bless  the 
missionary  who  first  sought  them  out  in  a  foreign 
land. 

With  great  zeal  he  carried  on  his  medical  work, 
treating  over  one  thousand  persons  in  the  wards  and 
nearly  twelve  thousand  in  the  dispensary  of  the  hos- 

61 


pital  the  first  year.  Much  of  his  work  was  surgical, 
of  which  he  was  very  fond,  and  he  wrote  to  his 
brother  that  he  was  never  happier  than  when  about 
to  undertake  some  big  operation.  He  was  remarkably 
successful  in  his  work,  the  cures  that  he  wrought 
being  thought  by  the  Chinese  to  be  nothing  short  of 
miraculous.  In  his  enthusiasm  as  a  physician  he  never 
forgot  that  medicine  was  the  handmaid  of  the  gospel. 
He  always  sought  in  healing  the  body  to  minister  to 
the  soul.  Many  of  his  patients  became  interested  in 
the  "J^sus  doctrine"  and  were  led  to  a  full  acceptance 
of  Christ. 

While  living  at  Hankow  he  took  occasional  tours 
into  the  country,  one  of  which  he  describes  as  follows : 
"Under  the  shade  of  the  trees  we  took  our  meal.  The 
hot  water  which  we  purchased  from  a  neighboring 
cottage  was  our  only  drawback,  for  besides  being 
thick  with  mud  it  was  topped  with  a  coating  of 
grease.  But  when  one  has  had  a  sharp  walk  before 
breakfast  he  is  not  inclined  to  look  too  closely  at  his 
refreshments,  so  we  partook  of  it  all  with  enjoyment. 
Of  course  we  had  no  rest  till  a  late  hour,  the  people 
coming  from  other  villages  to  stare  at  us.  So  we  sat 
on  benches  on  the  village  green  and  talked  to  them  till 
we  were  tired.  They  took  longer  to  weary  of  staring 
than  we  did  of  speaking.  If  one  wants  to  be  the 
centre  of  attraction — to  see  crowds  of  his  fellow- 
creatures  traveling  for  miles  to  have  the  privilege  of 
looking  at  and  being  near  him,  he  had  better  come  out 
to  China  at  once.  But  I  am  sadly  afraid  such  popu- 
larity won't  last  long,  for  after  a  few  days'  residence 
our  star  began  to  fade,  and  we  became  ordinary 
mortals  after  all." 

62 


Official  Recognition  Gained  and  Its  Effects. 

After  remaining  four  years  in  Hankow  Dr.  Mac- 
kenzie removed  to  Tien-tsin.  It  must  be  remembered 
that  he  was  not  a  pioneer  medical  missionary  to 
China.  The  honor  of  "opening  China  to  the  Gospel 
at  the  point  of  a  lancet"  belonged  to  Dr.  Peter  Parker, 
of  America,  who  labored  in  China  from  1834  to  1857. 
But  neither  he  nor  his  immediate  successors  had  se- 
cured strong  official  endorsement.  It  remained  for 
Mackenzie  to  obtain  this  by  his  successful  treatment 
of  the  wife  of  Li  Hung  Chang  in  a  dangerous  illness. 
Knowing  what  it  would  mean  to  the  cause  of  Chris- 
tianity to  secure  official  recognition,  unceasing  prayer 
was  made  "from  the  middle  of  May  to  the  ist  of 
August  that  the  Viceroy  might  realize  the  value  of 
Western  medicine  and  endorse  Mackenzie's  plan  for 
a  hospital."  The  subject  at  the  prayer-meeting  on  that 
August  morning  was :  "Ask,  and  it  shall  be  given 
you."  A  visitor  to  the  Viceroy  the  same  day  noted 
his  unusual  sadness  and  learned  that  his  wife  was 
dying.  The  visitor  urged  that  foreign  physicians  be 
called. 

"At  first  the  Viceroy  objected  that  it  would  be  quite 
impossible  for  a  Chinese  lady  of  rank  to  be  attended 
by  a  foreigner;  but  by  and  by  his  own  good  sense, 
led  by  God's  spirit,  triumphed,  and  he  sent  down  a 
courier  for  Dr.  Irwin  and  Dr.  Mackenzie.  It  was  just 
as  the  prayer-meeting  was  breaking  up.  Here  indeed 
was  the  answer  to  the  prayers  of  months !" 

The  doctors  went  at  once  to  the  home  of  the 
Viceroy,  and  after  a  conference  with  him  they  went 
in  to  see  his  sick  wife.  This,  according  to  Chinese 
ideas,  was  a  most  extraordinary  proceeding;  for  on  a 

63 


former  occasion  when  Dr.  Mackenzie  had  been  sum- 
moned to  see  the  wife  of  a  merchant  in  Hankow  he 
was  taken  into  the  room,  but  not  allowed  to  see  the 
patient.  Through  a  hole  in  a  curtain  she  put  her  arm 
and  the  doctor  was  supposed  to  diagnose  her  case 
simply  by  feeling  the  pulse — the  Chinese  method.  But 
in  the  case  of  Lady  Li,  wife  of  the  leading  Viceroy  of 
the  Empire,  the  doctors  were  permitted  to  treat  her 
as  they  would  an  American  lady.  She  was  critically 
ill  for  a  week,  and  then  recovery  seemed  assured.  *'It 
is  the  result  of  no  skill  of  mine,"  wrote  Dr.  Macken- 
zie, "it  is  just  God  answering  our  prayers." 

Most  important  was  the  issue  of  that  cure,  "for  it 
had  given  Western  medicine  an  advertisement  which 
nothing  short  of  an  Imperial  endorsement  could  have 
equaled,  and  it  led  the  Viceroy  to  personally  investi- 
gate Occidental  methods  of  surgery  and  to  appreciate 
the  value  of  foreign  medicines.  The  result  was  the 
establishment  of  a  hospital  and  dispensary  which  were 
carried  on  with  Li  Hung  Chang's  sanction,  and  by 
money  contributed  by  him  and  other  wealthy  Chinese. 
This,  in  turn,  was  the  entering  wedge  that  opened  to 
the  army  and  navy  the  blessings  of  modern  medicine." 

Native  Doctors  and  Medicines. 

We  should  not  forget  that  in  China  there  is  great 
need  to-day  for  medical  work.  One  of  the  foolish 
beliefs  is  that  Western  medicine  is  made  out  of  good 
Chinese  eyes  and  hearts.  The  native  doctors  claim 
to  be  able  to  tell  what  is  the  matter  with  their  patients 
by  the  state  of  the  pulse.  They  will  feel  the  pulse, 
examine  the  tongue  and  then  go  into  a  long  explana- 
tion of  what  is  taking  place  in  the  patient's  insides, 

64 


while  the  friends  of  the  latter  look  on  with  awe. 
Disease  is  believed  to  be  due  to  the  anger  of  the  gods, 
or  to  evil  spirits.  Charms  are  written  out  on  pieces 
of  paper  and  pasted  about  the  sick  room.  Some- 
times they  are  burned,  and  the  ashes  being  mixed  with 
water  the  patient  is  ordered  to  drink  them.  Gongs 
are  sounded  and  firecrackers  exploded,  and  by  these 
means  they  hope  to  drive  away  disease.  In  some 
cases  a  piece  of  human  flesh  eaten  by  the  patient  is 
supposed  to  be  a  sure  cure. 

One  of  the  favorite  doses  of  a  Chinese  physician  is : 

^ — Powdered  snake  2  parts. 

Wasps  and  their  nests  i  part. 

Centipedes    6  parts. 

Scorpions    4  parts. 

Toads     20  parts. 

Grind  thoroughly,  mix  with  honey  and  make  into  pills.  Two 
to  be  taken  four  times  daily. 

Work  at  Tikn-tsin  and  InfIvUEnce:. 

With  a  hospital  at  Tien-tsin  supported  by  Li  Hung 
Chang,  the  work  grew  marvelously.  God  had  an- 
swered prayer  beyond  all  expectation.  But  "  let  us 
not  be  satisfied  with  mere  crowds  flocking  to  us  for 
medical  treatment,"  wrote  Dr.  Mackenzie.  "  Our 
waiting  rooms  may  be  full  of  patients,  and  all  our 
beds  be  occupied,  and  yet  these  men  and  women  will 
pass  from  under  our  care  pretty  much  as  they  came 
to  us,  so  far  as  higher  things  are  concerned,  unless 
we  directly  bestir  ourselves  for  their  spiritual  good. 
They  seek  us,  it  is  true,  but  for  their  bodies  only :  if 
we  would  win  their  souls  we  must  seek  them.  After 
all,  our  great  work  lies  in  bringing  home  the  love  of 

65 


God  to  our  patients.  What  a  glorious  thing  it  is  to 
be  engaged  in  such  a  service !" 

FeeHng  the  great  need  for  a  medical  school  in 
which  native  Chinese  could  be  trained,  Dr.  Macken- 
zie undertook  this  additional  burden,  and  in  Decem- 
ber, 1881,  the  school  was  opened.  On  account  of 
his  wife's  ill  health  he  returned  with  her  to  England 
in  1883.  He  spoke  at  many  missionary  meetings,  and 
by  his  strong  and  pleasing  personality  and  intense 
earnestness  aroused  great  enthusiasm.  An  instance 
of  his  humility  is  related  by  one  who  heard  him  ad- 
dress a  large  missionary  meeting.  "  He  was  the  last 
speaker.  Things  had  gone  on  rather  quietly.  When 
he  began  he  raised  the  large  audience  to  a  perfect 
glow  of  enthusiasm.  Immediately  afterwards  he  said 
to  me  how  much  he  wished  that  people  knew  and 
cared  more  about  the  missionary  work.  I,  speaking 
out  of  the  fulness  of  my  heart,  replied,  *  They  soon 
would  if  we  had  more  speeches  like  that.'  He  in- 
stantly answered,  in  quite  a  pained  voice,  *  Oh,  don't 
say  that ;  you  would  not  if  you  knew.'  I  could  not 
but  feel  grieved  to  have  wounded  him,  but  it  was 
true." 

After  his  return  to  China  heart  and  hands  were 
busy  in  the  work.  He  knew  it  not,  but  not  many 
more  years  were  left  him  for  earthly  service.  De- 
prived of  the  comforts  of  home  life  because  of  his 
wife's  continued  illness  in  England,  he  sought  even 
closer  fellowship  than  he  had  known  before  with  his 
Master.  It  was  a  time  when  his  own  inner  life  was 
much  deepened  and  strengthened.  Extracts  from  his 
letters  will  show:  "The  greatest  help  I  find  in  the 
Christian  life  is  in  the  prayerful  study  of  the  Bible." 


"  My  position  has  come  to  this,  am  I  living  near 
my  Saviour?  Then  I  am  happy  as  the  clay  is  long 
and  as  light-hearted  as  a  child." 

*'  It  is  worth  suffering  much  (though  I  have  no 
cause  to  talk  of  suffering,  my  joy  has  been  so  full), 
and  coming  a  long  way  to  see  Chinamen  drinking  in 
the  living  water." 

His  last  letter  home  to  his  father  was  dated  March 
20,  1888.  Within  a  fortnight  he  was  in  heaven.  Up 
to  the  very  last  he  toiled  and  labored,  the  beloved 
physician,  until  stricken  himself  by  smallpox.  Every- 
thing was  done  for  his  comfort,  and  earnest  prayers 
offered  for  his  recovery,  if  so  be  it  were  the  Lord's 
will  to  spare  him.  But  "  very  early  in  the  morning, 
while  it  was  yet  dark,  on  Easter  day,  God's  finger 
touched  him  and  he  slept."  Great  was  the  sorrow 
in  many  a  home  in  Tien-tsin  when  it  was  known  that 
the  beloved  doctor  had  passed  away.  "  There  will 
never  be  such  another  physician,"  "  How  can  the  sick 
be  healed  now  ? "  were  some  of  the  expressions  of 
the  grateful  Chinese. 

Thirteen  years  of  devoted  service  had  been  ren- 
dered by  this  hero  of  the  cross  in  China.  Eternity 
alone  can  tell  the  influence  of  such  a  life,  whose  secret 
was  a  passionate  love  for  Christ  and  earnest  endeavor 
to  do  his  Master's  will. 

A  little  while  for  winning  souls  to  Jesus, 
Ere  we  behold  His  beauty  face  to  face; 
A  little  while  for  healing  soul  diseases 
By  telling  others  of  a  Saviour's  grace. 

Questions. 

1.  Tell  of  Mackenzie's  early  life  and  conversion. 

2.  What  showed  his  zeal  after  his  conversion? 

67 


3-  What  influenced  him  to  become  a  foreign  mission- 
ary? 

4.  Who  was  the  pioneer  medical  missionary  to  China  ? 

5.  How  did  Mackenzie  gain  official  recognition  for 

his  work? 

6.  Describe  some  of  the  native  methods  of  treating 

disease  in  China. 


Additional  Questions  for  Older  Scholars. 

1.  What  four  chief  phases  of  missionary  effort  are 

represented  by  the  missionaries  studied  ? 

2.  Which  of  these  phases  do  you  think  most  valuable 

and  why? 

3.  As  a  means  to  what  end  did  Mackenzie  consider  his 

medical  work? 


Interesting  Books  for  the  Library. 

"  Life  of  John  Kenneth  Mackenzie,"  by  Mrs.  Bry- 
son. 

"  Medical  Missions,"  by  John  Lowe. 

"  Opportunities  in  the  Path  of  the  Great  Physician," 
by  Valeria  F.  Penrose. 

"  The  Medical  Mission,"  by  W.  J.  Wanless. 

"  Healing  of  the  Nations,"  by  John  R.  Williamson. 

Leaflets  (Published  by  the  Presbyterian  Board). 

"  A  Patient's  Opinion  of  Medical  Missions." 

"  Medical  Work  in  Persia." 

"  Cholera  in  Persia." 

"  The  Call  of  the  Great  Physician." 

"  Medical  Missions."     A  program  including  hymns, 
5c.  each;  50c.  dozen. 

6S 


"The  Great  Physician:  His  Words  and  Deeds." 
(A  Bible  reading.) 

"  Woman's  Medical  Work  in  Foreign  Lands."  3c. 
each. 

"  Presbyterian  Medical  Missions."  Series,  3c. 
each. 


69 


Significant  Resolutions 

PASSeO    BY 

The   Editorial  Association 

IN    CONNECTION    WITH 

THE    TORONTO   CONVENTION,  1905 

OP  THE 

International  Sunday  School 
Association 


(i)  That  the  Sunday  School  papers  of  the  country  bring 
before  the  attention  of  the  Christian  public  the  great  field  of 
Sunday  School  work  as  the  natural  and  logical  place  for 
instruction  in  Home  and  Foreign  Missions. 

(2)  That  the  question  of  Missions  in  the  Sunday  School 
be  given  a  place  on  the  programs  of  all  missionary  institutes, 
conventions  and  summer  schools  wherever  possible  through- 
out the  country. 

(3)  That  the  aid  of  the  Sunday  School  Boards  and  the 
societies  of  the  various  denominations  be  enlisted  in  a  sys- 
tematic effort  to  bring  before  every  Sunday  School  superin- 
tendent in  the  country  the  possibility,  practicability  and 
necessity  of  the  study  of  Missions  in  the  Sunday  Schools. 

(4)  That  courses  of  instruction  be  prepared  in  both  Home 
and  Foreign  Missions,  aimed  to  instruct  and  interest  the 
scholars,  and  to  lead  them  to  some  definite  missionary 
activity. 

(5)  That  this  missionary  instruction  be  made  a  part  of  the 
regular  supplemental  work  in  every  School,  imless  otherwise 
adequately  provided  for. 

(6)  That  suitable  and  inexpensive  books  be  prepared  in 
different  grades,  which  shall  be  put  in  the  hands  of  every 
pupil,  so  that  thorough  home  perparation  be  made  possible. 


Princeton  Theological  Seminary  Libraries 


1    1012  01234  4109 

BOOKS  FOB  UNDENOMINATIONAL  MISSION  STUDY 


MISSIONAKY  STUDIES  FOR  THE 
SUNDAY  SCHOOL 

By  George  Harvey  Trull 
First  Series 
An  introductory  course  for  the  use  of  Sunday  Schools.    64  pp. 
The  six  Studies  include  : 

The  Mountaineers  op  the  South. 
Foreigners  in  the  United  States. 
William  Carey,  Educator — India. 
David  Livingstone,  Explorer — Africa. 
John  G.  Paton,  Evangelist — ^The  New  Hebrides. 
John  K.  MacKenzie,  Physician — China. 
Mr.  John  Willis  Baer  says  of  them  : 

"  More  and  more  is  the  Sunday  School  becoming  evangelistic  and  mis- 
sionary in  spirit.  As  one  means  of  fostering  and  deepening  this  force,  th© 
teacher  and  superintendent  will  do  well  to  give  careful  heed  to  Mr.  Trull's 
Studies.  For  one,  I  welcome  them  heartily,  because  they  are  among  the 
first  steps  prepared  out  of  a  practical  experience  for  educating  and  inter- 
esting our  Sunday  School  scholars  in  the  great  enterprise  of  Missions." 


MISSIONARY  STUDIES  FOR  THE 
SUNDAY  SCHOOL 

Edited  by  George  Harvey  Trull 
Second  Series  in  Two  Grades 
Senior  Grade.    100  PP. 
Missionary  Heroes  to  the  Indians. 
Missionary  Heroes  to  the  Africans. 
Junior  and  Intermediate  Grade.    80  PP. 
Great  Missionaries  to  the  Red  Men. 
Great  Missionaries  in  the  Dark  Continent. 

^"These  books  are  WHOLLY  UNDENOMINATIONAL  in  character 
and  treatment,  and  are  therefore  adapted  for  use  in  any  School.  They  do 
not  present  denominational  Missions,  but  the  world-wide  work  with  which 
every  Christian  should  be  familiar. 


UNDENOMINATIONAL  MISSIONARY 
STUDIES  FOR  THE  SUNDAY  SCHOOL 

Edited  by  George  Harvey  Trull 
Third  Series  in  Two  Grades 
One  book  for  use  in  the  Senior  Grade  of  the  Sunday  School.     The  other 
book  for  use  in  the  Jimior  and  Intermediate  Grades  of  the  Sunday  School. 

Our  Responsibility  for  the  Immigrants  in  our  Midst. 
Our  Responsibility  for  India's  Millions. 


All  of  the  above  now  published  by  The  Sunday  Schod  l^mes  Company, 
1031  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Single  copies,  20  cents,  post-paid ;  ten  copies,  16  cents  each  ;  fifty 
copies,  10  cents  each,  carriage  extra. 


Date  Due 

t^''  '  i. 

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'^A-^K 


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